{"id":2274,"date":"2012-01-04T12:59:31","date_gmt":"2012-01-04T11:59:31","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.art.listephoenix.com\/?page_id=122"},"modified":"2025-04-05T11:33:22","modified_gmt":"2025-04-05T10:33:22","slug":"morphology","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/?page_id=2274","title":{"rendered":"2. Morphometrie"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p><strong>Citer cet article\u00a0: CRP 2012. Description et caract\u00e9risation des palmiers du genre Phoenix: description morphologique des vari\u00e9t\u00e9s et architecture des plantes. <\/strong>R\u00e9dacteur Robert CASTELLANA.\u00a0Statut: compte-rendu de recherches. Edition en ligne.\u00a0\u00a0<strong><strong><a href=\"http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/?page_id=2274\">Lien<\/a><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/01\/Morphometry-date-palm.jpg\" alt=\"\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Abstract. <\/strong>La description des plantes est une discipline fondamentale en mati\u00e8re de botanique. Elle a en effet permis de caract\u00e9riser les v\u00e9g\u00e9taux, et surtout de les classer en familles, genres et esp\u00e8ces. Loin de remettre en cause son utilit\u00e9, les d\u00e9veloppements r\u00e9cents de la g\u00e9n\u00e9tique ont plut\u00f4t confirm\u00e9 sa pertinence. La description des palmiers pose des probl\u00e8mes particuli\u00e8rement d\u00e9licats, au vu du grand nombre d\u2019esp\u00e8ces recens\u00e9es (environ 2500 esp\u00e8ces r\u00e9parties en pr\u00e8s de 200 genres). Les travaux pr\u00e9sent\u00e9s ici concernaient originellement le palmier \u00e0 huile (<em>Elaeis guinensis<\/em>) et le palmier dattier&nbsp;<em>(Phoenix dactylifera<\/em>). Ils ont \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9velopp\u00e9s depuis \u00e0 d&rsquo;autres esp\u00e8ces de palmiers.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Sommaire des chapitres<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Introduction<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Architecture<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Mod\u00e9lisation<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Feuilles<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Graines<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>INTRODUCTION<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>LES DESCRIPTEURS DU DATTIER. Le palmier-dattier a \u00e9t\u00e9 le premier palmier \u00e0 faire l\u2019objet de tentatives de description syst\u00e9matique. Cette esp\u00e8ce pr\u00e9sente une diversit\u00e9 g\u00e9n\u00e9tique exceptionnelle. Elle se traduit par l\u2019existence d\u2019une grande variation dans le ph\u00e9notype, au niveau morphologique&nbsp;: \u00e9paisseur du tronc; ramification basale, a\u00e9rienne ou absente; couleur et forme des feuilles; forme, taille et couleur des fruits, etc\u2026 Les premiers standards descriptifs du palmier dattier ont \u00e9t\u00e9 \u00e9labor\u00e9s par l&rsquo;IPGRI, dans les ann\u00e9es 1980, \u00e0 la suite des travaux initi\u00e9s aux USA d\u00e8s le d\u00e9but du XX\u00e8me si\u00e8cle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>L\u2019ARCHITECTURE DES PLANTES. C\u2019est aussi dans les ann\u00e9es 1980 qu\u2019ont vu le jour les premi\u00e8res tentatives de mod\u00e9lisation informatique. Ces recherches portaient sur l\u2019architecture des plantes dans leur ensemble. En ce qui concerne les palmiers, elles ont \u00e9t\u00e9 appliqu\u00e9es \u00e0 la description du palmier \u00e0 huile. Outre son int\u00e9r\u00eat scientifique, en mati\u00e8re de rigueur dans la description, la mod\u00e9lisation pr\u00e9sente un r\u00e9el int\u00e9r\u00eat \u00e9conomique dans les pays de production, du fait qu\u2019elle s\u2019applique aussi \u00e0 la mod\u00e9lisation du paysage dans son ensemble. Ces recherches s&rsquo;\u00e9tendent d\u00e9sormais au palmier-dattier, dans le cadre du projet PHOENIX-MOCAF.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>LA MORPHOMETRIE GEOMETRIQUE. Les techniques de la morphom\u00e9trie g\u00e9om\u00e9trique permettent de proc\u00e9der \u00e0 des comparaisons entre formes. Leur port\u00e9e est donc limit\u00e9e \u00e0 des parties de plantes. Deux proc\u00e9d\u00e9s sont employ\u00e9s, la m\u00e9thode des landmarks par superposition dite de Procrustes et celle des transform\u00e9es elliptiques dite de Fourrier. Nous avons cherch\u00e9 \u00e0 l\u2019appliquer au palmier dattier, autour de la caract\u00e9risation de ses graines et de ses feuilles.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>COLLABORATIONS<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>MORPHOMETRIE. Les travaux de morphom\u00e9trie g\u00e9om\u00e9trique pr\u00e9sent\u00e9s ici ont \u00e9t\u00e9 men\u00e9s en collaboration avec le Centre de Bioarch\u00e9ologie et d&rsquo;Ecologie (CBAE) du CNRS et l&rsquo;Universit\u00e9 de Montpellier. Ils concernent essentiellement les graines des palmiers (du fait de l&rsquo;importance de leur pr\u00e9sence dans les sites arch\u00e9ologiques), ainsi que leurs feuilles (en relation avec les morphotypes recens\u00e9s \u00e0 notre initiative dans la palmeraie historique de Bordighera, en Italie).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>MODELISATION. Les recherches relatives \u00e0 la mod\u00e9lisation ont fait r\u00e9cemment l&rsquo;objet d&rsquo;une coop\u00e9ration entre deux pays europ\u00e9ens (France et Italie) et trois pays du Maghreb (Alg\u00e9rie, Tunisie et Maroc), dans le cadre du projet MOCAF-EUROMED. Ce projet (auquel nous avons particip\u00e9 d\u00e8s l&rsquo;origine) devrait d\u00e9boucher, \u00e0 terme, sur un nouveau standard descriptif du palmier dattier. Des recherches analogues sont aussi conduites en mati\u00e8re de mod\u00e9lisation des paysages par divers laboratoires.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>R\u00c9F\u00c9RENCES BIBLIOGRAPHIQUES<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<div><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>SULIEMAN A., ELHAFISE I., ABDELRAHIM A., 2012. Comparative Study on Five Sudanese Date (Phoenix Dactylifera L.) Fruit Cultivars.<\/strong> In Food and Nutrition Sciences, Vol. 3 No. 9, 2012, pp. 1245-1251. Link\u00a0: <a href=\"http:\/\/www.scirp.org\/journal\/PaperInformation.aspx?paperID=22292\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http:\/\/www.scirp.org\/<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>GHAYOOR Fatima 2011. Root Anatomical Characteristics Of Some Date Palm (Phoenix Dactylifera L.) Cultivars Of Diverse Origin.<\/strong> Thesis, Un of Faisalabad, 120p. Link\u00a0: <a href=\"http:\/\/icdd.uaf.edu.pk\/Publications\/005.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http:\/\/icdd.uaf.edu.pk\/<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>JOUANNIC Stefan, LARTAUD Marc, HERVE Jonathan, COLLIN Myriam, ORIEUX Yves, VERDEIL Jean-Luc, TREGEAR James W. 2011. The shoot apical meristem of oil palm (Elaeis guineensis; Arecaceae). Developmental progression and dynamics.<\/strong> In Annals of Botany, 11p. Link\u00a0: <a href=\"http:\/\/aob.oxfordjournals.org\/content\/early\/2011\/02\/07\/aob.mcr019.full.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http:\/\/aob.oxfordjournals.org\/<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>SAKR, ABU-ZEID, HASSAN, BAZ, HASSAN 2010. Identification of some Date palm (Phoenix dactylifera) cultivars by fruit characters.<\/strong> Link\u00a0: <a href=\"http:\/\/indjst.org\/archive\/vol.3.issue.3\/mar10abuzeid-28.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http:\/\/indjst.org\/<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>HAMZA, REJELI, ELBEKKAY, FERCHICHI 2009. New Approach For The Morphological Identification Of Date Palm (Phoenix Dactylifera L.)\u00a0 Cultivars From Tunisia.<\/strong> Link\u00a0: <a href=\"http:\/\/pakbs.org\/pjbot\/PDFs\/41(6)\/PJB41(6)2671.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http:\/\/pakbs.org\/<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>BARRY-TOMLINSON P. 2006. The uniqueness of palms.<\/strong> In Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2006, 151, 5\u201314. Link\u00a0: <a href=\"http:\/\/harvardforest.fas.harvard.edu\/sites\/harvardforest.fas.harvard.edu\/files\/publications\/pdfs\/Tomlinson_BotJLinneanSoc_2006.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http:\/\/harvardforest.fas.harvard.edu\/<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>IPGRI 2005. Descripteurs du palmier dattier.<\/strong> Link: <a href=\"http:\/\/www.bioversityinternational.org\/fileadmin\/bioversity\/publications\/pdfs\/1086_Descripteurs_du_Palmier_dattier__Phoenix_dactylifera_L._.pdf?cache=1327041096\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http:\/\/www.bioversityinternational.org\/<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>RHOUMA 2005. Le palmier dattier en Tunisie. I. le patrimoine g\u00e9n\u00e9tique, vol. 2.<\/strong> IPGRI, 275p. Link\u00a0: <a href=\"http:\/\/www.bioversityinternational.org\/fileadmin\/bioversity\/publications\/pdfs\/1113_Le_Palmier_Dattier_en_Tunisie.pdf?cache=1349205335\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http:\/\/www.bioversityinternational.org\/<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>FERRINI, LITTARDI, BONANOMI, VILLA, PANTALEO, PELLERANO, MARIOTTI, CORNARA, LAROCCA 2004. Results of a study on palms stem anatomy and on mechanical characteristics of palm wood and their relation ship with plant stability.<\/strong> Communication at The Annual Conference of the International Society of Arboriculture, Pittsburgh, 26p. Link\u00a0: <a href=\"http:\/\/www.imlusa.com\/Palm_Trees.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http:\/\/www.imlusa.com\/<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div>\n<div><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>HODEL D.R., PITTENGER D.R. 2003. Studies on the establishment of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera \u2018Deglet Noor\u2019) offshoots. Part I. Observations on root development and leaf growth.<\/strong> In\u00a0: PALMS 47(4): 191-200. Link\u00a0: \u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/ucanr.org\/sites\/UrbanHort\/files\/80074.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http:\/\/ucanr.org\/<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>HODEL D.R., PITTENGER D.R. 2003. Studies on the establishment of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera \u2018Deglet Noor\u2019) offshoots. Part II\u00a0: Size of Offshoot.<\/strong> In\u00a0: PALMS 47(4): 201-205. Link\u00a0: <a href=\"http:\/\/ucanr.org\/sites\/UrbanHort\/files\/80075.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http:\/\/ucanr.org\/<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>ELHOUMAIZI, SAAIDI, OIHABI, CILAS, 2002. Phenotypic diversity of date-palm cultivars Phoenix dactylifera from Morocco.<\/strong> In Genetic\u00a0 Resources and Crop\u00a0 Evolution\u00a0 49:\u00a0 483\u2013490,\u00a0 2002. Link\u00a0: <a href=\"http:\/\/download.springer.com\/static\/pdf\/237\/art%253A10.1023%252FA%253A1020968513494.pdf?auth66=1351861047_a69b6a0201f392495a2abf25c5ff3ee7&amp;ext=.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http:\/\/download.springer.com\/<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>ZAID A.; DE-WET P.F., 2002. Botanical and systematic description of the date palm.<\/strong> Date Production Support Programme, FAO, DOCREP. Link : <a href=\"http:\/\/faculty.ksu.edu.sa\/10439\/Documents\/BOTANICAL%20AND%20SYSTEMATIC%20DESCRIPTION%20OF%20THE%20DATE%20PALM.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http:\/\/faculty.ksu.edu.sa\/<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>EL-ALWANI Abdullah M., EL-AMMARI Salah S. 2001. Fruit Physical Characteristics Of Date Palm Cultivars Grown In Three Libyan Oases.<\/strong> In Second International Conference on Date Palms, Al-Ain, UAE, March 25-27, 2001, pp662-670. Link\u00a0:<\/span><\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.pubhort.org\/datepalm\/datepalm2\/datepalm2_84.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http:\/\/www.pubhort.org\/<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>EL-ALWANI A. M., EL-AMMARI S.S., 2001. Tree Morphological Properties Of Date Palm Cultivars Grown In Three Libyan Oases.<\/strong> In Second International Conference on Date Palms, Al-Ain, UAE, March 25-27, 2001, pp.671-677. Link\u00a0: <a href=\"http:\/\/www.pubhort.org\/datepalm\/datepalm2\/datepalm2_85.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http:\/\/www.pubhort.org\/<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>KRAMER\u00a0 P.J. 1995. Roots and root systems.<\/strong> pp\u00a0;115-166. Link\u00a0: <a href=\"http:\/\/dspace.udel.edu:8080\/dspace\/bitstream\/handle\/19716\/2830\/Chapter%205.%20Roots%20and%20Root%20Systems.pdf?sequence=10\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http:\/\/dspace.udel.edu:8080\/<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>DARLYMPLE N.K., FISHER J.B 1994. The relationship between the number of Expanded &amp; Developing Leaves in Shoot Apices of palms.<\/strong> In <em>Amer. J. Bot.<\/em>, Vol. 81, No. 12. (1994), pp. 1576-1581. Link\u00a0: <a href=\"http:\/\/www.jstor.org\/discover\/10.2307\/2445335?uid=3738016&amp;uid=2129&amp;uid=2&amp;uid=70&amp;uid=4&amp;sid=21101233108023\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http:\/\/www.jstor.org\/<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>MAHABALE, UDWADIA 1960. Studies on palms. Part IV. Anatomy of palm roots.<\/strong> In Nat. Inst. Sci. India 26(2) 73-104. Link\u00a0: <a href=\"http:\/\/www.dli.gov.in\/rawdataupload\/upload\/insa\/INSA_1\/20005b6e_73.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http:\/\/www.dli.gov.in\/<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>MASON, 1915. Botanical characters of the leaves of the date palm used in distinguishing cultivated varieties.<\/strong> Bulletin of the U.S. Department of Agriculture, no. 223. Link\u00a0: <a href=\"http:\/\/ia600606.us.archive.org\/21\/items\/mobot31753000367893\/mobot31753000367893.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http:\/\/ia600606.us.archive.org\/<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<div>\u00a0<\/div>\n<div><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>GREENLAB: un mod\u00e8le informatique pour la croissance des plantes, d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 par l&rsquo;\u00e9quipe de recherche Digiplante en France et au LIAMA en Chine, par filiation des mod\u00e8les de plantes de l&rsquo;AMAP du CIRAD.<\/strong><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"> Aujourd&rsquo;hui, la botanique se sert des outils informatiques pour comprendre, simuler et pr\u00e9voir le d\u00e9veloppement des plantes et le fonctionnement des \u00e9cosyst\u00e8mes, en interaction avec leur environnement. <a href=\"https:\/\/interstices.info\/jcms\/c_38032\/une-histoire-de-la-modelisation-des-plantes\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Lire l&rsquo;article<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div>\u00a0<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Citer cet article\u00a0: CRP 2012. Description et caract\u00e9risation des palmiers du genre Phoenix: description morphologique des vari\u00e9t\u00e9s et architecture des plantes. R\u00e9dacteur Robert CASTELLANA.\u00a0Statut: compte-rendu&#8230;<\/p>\n<div class=\"more-link-wrapper\"><a class=\"more-link\" href=\"http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/?page_id=2274\">Continue reading<span class=\"screen-reader-text\">2. Morphometrie<\/span><\/a><\/div>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"parent":2271,"menu_order":2,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-2274","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry","entry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2274","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=2274"}],"version-history":[{"count":38,"href":"http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2274\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":13127,"href":"http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2274\/revisions\/13127"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2271"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=2274"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}