{"id":2287,"date":"2012-01-08T12:23:24","date_gmt":"2012-01-08T10:23:24","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.art.listephoenix.com\/?page_id=457"},"modified":"2025-01-11T14:34:12","modified_gmt":"2025-01-11T13:34:12","slug":"punjab","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/?page_id=2287","title":{"rendered":"Punjab (PK)"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p><strong>Palmiculture et agrosyst\u00e8mes oasiens. CRP 2015. Monographies.\u00a0<\/strong>Ed. en Ligne.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<div><span style=\"font-size:12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/01\/Carte-Punjab.jpg\" rel=\"\" style=\"\" target=\"\" title=\"\"><span style=\"color:#008000;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" alt=\"\" class=\"alignleft size-thumbnail wp-image-3877\" height=\"182\" src=\"http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/01\/Carte-Punjab-150x150.jpg\" style=\"margin-left: 5px; margin-right: 5px;\" title=\"Carte Punjab\" width=\"182\" \/><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<div><span style=\"color:#008000;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size:14px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\">LA CULTURE DU PALMIER-DATTIER DANS LA MOYENNE VALLEE DE L&rsquo;INDUS (PUNJAB, PAKISTAN)<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/div>\n<div><strong><span style=\"color:#008000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\">Par Jean-Christophe PINTAUD (IRD-Montpellier)<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"color:#008000;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\">La vall&eacute;e de l&rsquo;Indus referme les vestiges de la civilisation agricole harapp&eacute;enne (datant d&rsquo;environ 4500 ans, et dont les villes principales &eacute;taient Harappa et Mohenjo Daro). Les techniques harapp&eacute;ennes de construction en briques de limons cuites sont encore tr&egrave;s vivantes de nos jours. Les fouilles arch&eacute;ologiques ont montr&eacute; que cette civilisation cultivait le palmier-dattier. Celui-ci est actuellement associ&eacute; &agrave; la culture du bl&eacute;, dont l&rsquo;extension est impressionnante dans la vall&eacute;e de l&rsquo;Indus. Les crues de l&rsquo;Indus, comme celles du Nil, fertilisent la vall&eacute;e, mais provoquent aussi des inondations catastrophiques. La monotonie de la culture intensive du bl&eacute; dans la vall&eacute;e de l&rsquo;Indus n&rsquo;est rompue que par le d&eacute;sert du Cholistan, avec ses dunes et sa maigre v&eacute;g&eacute;tation. Le dattier n&rsquo;est pas une culture de rente significative au Punjab (les plantations commerciales se situent plus au sud, dans le Sind), et participe plut&ocirc;t d&rsquo;un syst&egrave;me agro-sylvo-pastoral int&eacute;gr&eacute;, qui entretient une diversit&eacute; g&eacute;n&eacute;tique importante, notamment par l&rsquo;introduction de vari&eacute;t&eacute;s d&rsquo;origines diverses, et la multiplication par semis. <\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"font-size:12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><span style=\"color:#008000;\"><strong>Lire en version pdf: <\/strong><\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2011\/12\/PINTAUD-2011-le-dattier-au-Punjab.pdf\">PINTAUD 2011<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>{tab=MUZAFFARGARH}<\/p>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/01\/PAKISTAN-Punjab-Muzaffargarh-cultivars.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" alt=\"PAKISTAN Punjab Muzaffargarh cultivars\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-6625\" height=\"423\" src=\"http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/01\/PAKISTAN-Punjab-Muzaffargarh-cultivars.jpg\" width=\"563\" srcset=\"http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/01\/PAKISTAN-Punjab-Muzaffargarh-cultivars.jpg 563w, http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/01\/PAKISTAN-Punjab-Muzaffargarh-cultivars-150x112.jpg 150w, http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/01\/PAKISTAN-Punjab-Muzaffargarh-cultivars-300x225.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 563px) 100vw, 563px\" \/><\/a><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size:11px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\">Illustration: deux des principaux cultivars de la palmeraie de Muzafargarh <\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size:12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\">La palmeraie de Muzafargarh (N 30&deg;13.6&rsquo;, E 71&deg;18.4&rsquo;) est organis&eacute;e autour de trois cultivars. Une plantation dense monovari&eacute;tale occupe la partie c<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size:12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\">entrale de la palmeraie. Elle est &acirc;g&eacute;e d&rsquo;environ 80 ans selon les paysans du lieu. La vari&eacute;t&eacute; ainsi cultiv&eacute;e, &lsquo;Sajho Wali&rsquo;, est de qualit&eacute; datti&egrave;re inf&eacute;rieure, et la production est destin&eacute;e &agrave; l&rsquo;alimentation du b&eacute;tail. En effet, il y a peu de p&acirc;turages dans la vall&eacute;e de l&rsquo;Indus, les champs &eacute;tant occup&eacute;s par des productions c&eacute;r&eacute;ali&egrave;res et fruiti&egrave;res. Une parcelle dense de dattiers permet de produire de la nourriture pour les animaux sans utiliser beaucoup de surface au sol, en compl&eacute;ment de la paille obtenue des cultures de bl&eacute; et d&rsquo;autres sous-produits agricoles.<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size:12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\">Deux cultivars &eacute;lites de consommation humaine sont plant&eacute;s &agrave; proximit&eacute; des habitations pour des raisons pratiques de r&eacute;colte. Il s&rsquo;agit de &lsquo;Zahidi&rsquo;, un cultivar irakien tr&egrave;s connu et diffus&eacute; dans toute la ceinture Saharo-Sindienne, et un cultivar r&eacute;gional tr&egrave;s rare, peut-&ecirc;tre d&rsquo;origine iranienne, aux caract&eacute;ristiques morphologiques tr&egrave;s particuli&egrave;res, &lsquo;Ali Puri Chohara&rsquo;. Plus loin, sur les buttes d&eacute;limitant les champs de bl&eacute; ou de riz, sont plant&eacute;s des dattiers issus de graine, localement appel&eacute;s gadri, ce qui correspond aux khalt au Maghreb. Ces palmiers ont une production datti&egrave;re de qualit&eacute; in&eacute;gale, mais pr&eacute;sentent une variabilit&eacute; ph&eacute;nologique assurant une r&eacute;colte plus &eacute;tal&eacute;e dans le temps que celle des deux cultivars &eacute;lite, ainsi qu&rsquo;une diversit&eacute; organoleptique. Morphologiquement, ces gadri pr&eacute;sentent des caract&egrave;res mixtes des trois cultivars de base. Autour des champs, ils fournissent un ombrage appr&eacute;ciable dans cette zone o&ugrave; les temp&eacute;ratures estivales peuvent approcher les 50&deg;C. Dans la mesure o&ugrave; l&rsquo;objet de cette palmeraie n&rsquo;est pas la production commerciale de dattes, on voit donc comment elle est organis&eacute;e autour des autres besoins de la communaut&eacute; paysanne. D&rsquo;une fa&ccedil;on g&eacute;n&eacute;rale, le dattier dans la r&eacute;gion est une culture associ&eacute;e ou marginale. Les vastes champs de bl&eacute; sont ponctu&eacute;s ou bord&eacute;s de dattier. Par endroits, de petits groupes de dattier d&rsquo;un cultivar de bonne qualit&eacute; sont plant&eacute;s pour assurer une production villageoise.<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<p>{tab=JHANG}<\/p>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/01\/PAKISTAN-Punjab-Jhang-pollinisation.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" alt=\"PAKISTAN Punjab Jhang pollinisation\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-6626\" height=\"622\" src=\"http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/01\/PAKISTAN-Punjab-Jhang-pollinisation.jpg\" width=\"467\" srcset=\"http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/01\/PAKISTAN-Punjab-Jhang-pollinisation.jpg 467w, http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/01\/PAKISTAN-Punjab-Jhang-pollinisation-112x150.jpg 112w, http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/01\/PAKISTAN-Punjab-Jhang-pollinisation-225x300.jpg 225w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 467px) 100vw, 467px\" \/><\/a><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size:11px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\">Illustration: outil manuel de pollinisation<\/span> mis au point par la station de Jhang<\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size:12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\">Dans toutes les provinces phoenicicultrices du Pakistan existent des stations de recherche sur le palmier dattier, afin d&rsquo;apporter un appui technique aux cultivateurs. La station de Jhang poss&egrave;de une excellente collection des principaux cultivars de qualit&eacute; datti&egrave;re de la r&eacute;gion (en fait pour beaucoup originaires d&rsquo;Irak et d&rsquo;Iran mais dont la tra&ccedil;abilit&eacute; a &eacute;t&eacute; perdue). Ces palmiers sont en production et la station est autonome financi&egrave;rement gr&acirc;ce &agrave; la vente des dattes. Nous avons eu la chance d&rsquo;&ecirc;tre pr&eacute;sent au moment de la pollinisation manuelle des dattiers (Avril 2011), assist&eacute;e par un appareil simple et efficace mis au point &agrave; la station et diffus&eacute; aupr&egrave;s des agriculteurs de la r&eacute;gion. Un crochet m&eacute;tallique est fix&eacute; &agrave; l&rsquo;extr&eacute;mit&eacute; d&rsquo;une longue canne de bambou. Le crochet sert &agrave; ouvrir la spathe juste avant son ouverture naturelle, au d&eacute;but de la r&eacute;ceptivit&eacute; des fleurs femelles. L&rsquo;extr&eacute;mit&eacute; d&rsquo;un tuyau est fix&eacute;e au crochet et permet d&rsquo;insuffler le pollen dans l&rsquo;inflorescence, au moyen d&rsquo;une poire &agrave; pression d&rsquo;air connect&eacute;e &agrave; l&rsquo;autre extr&eacute;mit&eacute; du tuyau, lequel passe ensuite par un r&eacute;servoir &agrave; pollen. Ce r&eacute;cipient en plastique est rempli avec du pollen pur, pr&eacute;alablement s&eacute;ch&eacute; pendant trois jours.<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<p>{tab=BIBLIO}<\/p>\n<div><span style=\"font-size:12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>ATA S., SHABBAZ B., AHMAD M., KHAN I.A. 2012. Factors Hampering Date Palm Production In The Punjab. A Case Study Of D.G. Khan District<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"font-size:12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\">In: Pak. J. Agri. Sci., Vol. 49(2), 217-220; 2012<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"font-size:12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\">Link&nbsp;: <a href=\"http:\/\/icdd.uaf.edu.pk\/Publications\/010.pdf\" title=\"Abstract. This  study  was  conducted  to  assess  some  of  the  factors  hindering  the  production  of  dates  in  one  of  the  major  date-palm growing regions of the Punjab, Pakistan. Dera Ghazi Khan district was selected as case study area and a structured interview schedule was used to collect quantitative data from 120 date growers. The qualitative data were collected through in-depth interviews with the key informants. This paper also assesses the awareness of farmers about date palm production technology and,  consequently,  identifies  training  needs  of  date  palm  growers  of  Dera  Ghazi  Khan  district  regarding  production technology  of  date  palm.  Awareness  about  variety,  irrigation  practices,  fertilizer  application,  sucker  transplantation  and insect\/pest of date-palm were selected as variables of production technology. The results revealed that farmers had very low level of knowledge about the production technology of date palm. The unawareness about production technology of the date palm was found as one of the major factors hindering the yield and ultimately profit for the date growers. The agricultural extension staff was found to be ineffective in dissemination of date palm technology and most of the respondents reported that they had received no information from agricultural extension staff regarding date palm production technology. There is an urgent need to train farmers about irrigation and fertilizer application, disease and pest management, sucker transplanting and processing of dates.\">http:\/\/icdd.uaf.edu.pk\/<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div>&nbsp;<\/div>\n<div><span style=\"font-size:12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>ABUL-SOAD A.A. , MAITLO W.A. , MARKHAND G.S., MAHDI S.M. 2011. Date Palm Wilt Disease (Sudden Decline Syndrome) in Pakistan. <\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"font-size:12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\">In&nbsp;: Symptoms and Remedy. 10p<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"font-size:12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\">Link&nbsp;: <a href=\"http:\/\/www.iraqi-datepalms.net\/Uploaded\/file\/Date%20Palm%20Wilt%20Disease%20in%20Pakistan_Adel%20A%20Abul-Soad.pdf\" title=\"Abstract. Date  palm  (Phoenix  dactylifera L.)  is  one  of  the  most  important  fruit  crops of  the tropical  and  subtropical  regions  of  the  world  and  grown  in  large  area  in  Pakistan. Date palm cultivated area is 93.3 thousands hectares with total production 6, 80,107 tons. Dates production is distributed in Sindh (45.4%), Balochistan (44.8%), and a limited    production    in    Punjab   (7.9%)    and    Khyber   Pakhtunkhwa    (1.9%). Approximately 85% of Sindh dates are produced in Khairpur district. Date palm trees in Sindh province particularly Khairpur are suffering from a serious disease which is the sudden decline syndrome\">http:\/\/www.iraqi-datepalms.net\/<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div>&nbsp;<\/div>\n<div><span style=\"font-size:12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>GHAYOOR F. 2011. Root Anatomical Characteristics Of Some Date Palm (Phoenix Dactylifera&nbsp; L.) Cultivars Of Diverse Origin<\/strong>.<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"font-size:12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\">Thesis. Institute of Horticultural Sciences (Agriculture). Un. of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 120p.<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"font-size:12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\">Link&nbsp;: <a href=\"http:\/\/icdd.uaf.edu.pk\/Publications\/005.pdf\" title=\"Abstract. Worldwide,  Pakistan  ranks  among  the  five  leading  producers  of  date  palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.). Date palm is economically the third major fruit crop after citrus and mango in Pakistan. Pakistan appeared on the map of date exporting countries in the beginning of 80s in the last century. In Pakistan, Balochistan is the largest date producing province  followed  by  Sindh,  Punjab  and  Khyber  Pakhtunkhwa.  Rich  soil,  abundant sunshine and four distinct seasons make Pakistan an ideal place for cultivating a variety of agriculture crops. The above factors help in creating a very special taste in our farm produce,  particularly  in  fruits:  mangoes,  apples,  and  dates.  Thirty  four  date  palm (Phoenix  dactylifera  L.)  cultivars  were  evaluated  to  compare  root  anatomy  and  to examine  the  ecological  significance  of  root  anatomy  in  identification  and  ecology  of different date palm cultivars. The relative importances of anatomical characters of these cultivars were emphasized and the adaptive component of root anatomy in relation to the habitat  ecology  was  examined.  The  size  of  epidermis  cells,  size  and  shape  of  outer cortical  region,  presence  of  sclerification  in  outer  cortex,  sclerenchyma  bundles  in cortical  region  and  presence  of  aerenchyma  were  quite  variable  in  all  the  cultivars studied.  Similarly  endodermal  layer  thickness,  thickness  of  outer  tangential  wall  of endodermis, shape and size of phloem region, size and arrangement of metaxylem vessels and sclerification in the pith region showed extremely high magnitude of diversity.\">http:\/\/icdd.uaf.edu.pk\/<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div>&nbsp;<\/div>\n<div><span style=\"font-size:12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>GHAYOOR F., IQRAR A.K., MUHAMMAD J.J., QURRAT U.A.R.l 2010<\/strong>. <strong>Studies on different cultivars of date palm (phoenix dactylifera l.) and their comparative root anatomy. <\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"font-size:12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\">In: Sci.Int. (Lahore), 24(2), 177-180, 2010.<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"font-size:12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\">Link: <a href=\"http:\/\/www.sci-int.com\/pdf\/167557361215-Final%20date_palm_final_paper_Asif_raza_177-180.pdf\" title=\"Abstract. Worldwide Pakistan is the 5th largest producer of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) and the species  ranks  third  among  the  country\u2019s  fruit  crops  after  citrus  and  mango.  The  &gt;  325  date  cultivars growing in Pakistan comprise native and exotic ones which differ widely in morphological and anatomical characteristics. Adventitious roots of fourteen cultivars from the collection at Jhang Date Palm Research Station were used to characterize these differences. To this end a 2 cm piece form each root-shoot junction was  placed in  FAA  (formalin  acetic  alcohol)  solution  and  root  parameters  were  measured  by  an  ocular micrometer under a compound microscope, which was calibrated with the help of a stage micrometer. The collected data on dermal, ground, and vascular tissues subjected to ANOVA.  All fourteen cultivars can tolerate mild environmental stresses, had very specific anatomical features which indicate  their  adoption  to  a  variety  of  environmental  conditions  and  also  play  vital  role  in  taxonomic identification  of  cultivars. The  results  indicate  different  evolutionary  routes  for  the  date  palm  cultivars studied which merit further molecular genetic study.\">http:\/\/www.sci-int.com\/<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div>&nbsp;<\/div>\n<div><span style=\"font-size:12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>MARKHAND G.S., ABUL-SOAD A.A., MIRBAHAR A.A., KANHAR N.A. 2010. Fruit Characterization of Pakistani Dates. <\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"font-size:12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\">In: Pak. J. Bot., 42(6): 3715-3722, 2010.<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"font-size:12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\">Link: <a href=\"http:\/\/www.pakbs.org\/pjbot\/PDFs\/42(6)\/PJB42(6)3715.pdf\" title=\"Abstract. Fruit  of  85  varieties  of  Pakistani  dates  were  collected  throughout  the  harvest  season. Appropriate  Performa  was  designed  to  write  the  scientific  and  commonly  used  properties.  These properties included fruit color at Khalal stage, shape, size (length &amp; diameter), color &amp; height of perianth, fruit group (soft, semi-dry, dry), edible stage and the micropyle position and split (wide, narrow,  deep).  Furthermore,  pictures  of  the  whole  fruit,  longitudinal  and  transverse  sections  and dorsal &amp; ventral sides of seed have been taken. This study aimed to evaluate the quality of different Pakistani dates. Aseel variety is considered as one of the predominant and commercial varieties in Pakistan. It is elliptical in shape like most of the Pakistani dates. A few of the evaluated varieties have  good  properties.  The  majority  of  Pakistani  dates  fall  in  the  semi-dry  group.  Most  of  the varieties, if not all are sensitive to monsoon rains, which synchronizes with ripening\/harvest season. The  harvest  season  of  dates  in  Khairpur,  Pakistan  starts  from  the  end  of  June  until  the  mid  of August.  Urgent  and  rapid  demand  is  being  required  for  the  high  quality  varieties.  Whether,  this demand  can  be  achieved  by  means  of  micropropagation  of  offshoots  of  these  evaluated  and selectable varieties by the tissue culture or to import offshoots of best quality dates from abroad for propagation needs.\">http:\/\/www.pakbs.org\/<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div>&nbsp;<\/div>\n<div><span style=\"font-size:12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>HASSAN S., BAKHSH K., GILL Z.A., MAQBOOL A., AHMAD W. 2006. Economics of Growing Date Palm in Punjab.<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"font-size:12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\">In: Pakistan Int. J. Agri. Biol., Vol. 8, No. 6. Link: <a href=\"http:\/\/www.fspublishers.org\/published_papers\/55477_..pdf\" title=\"Abstract. The present study has been designed aiming at determining profitability of date palm trees. For this purpose, a field survey was conducted to collect information regarding use of \u201cvarious inputs and outputs, and input and output prices\u201d by employing personal  interview  method.  A  total  of  60  date  palm  growers  were  selected  purposely  from  various  villages  of  Multan, Pakistan. Using information collected from the growers, NPW and BCR were estimated. Net present worth of Rs. 50527 per acre was estimated for the sampled respondents, which indicate that the date cultivation fetches higher returns, whereas benefit cost ratio is reasonably high (1.48) implying that investing one rupee in the date cultivation is highly profitable. Cash flow statement suggests that net present worth is positive and total cost was covered during this period. Positive net present worthalso highlights that the date cultivation will continue positive returns over a long period of time.\">http:\/\/www.fspublishers.org\/<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div>&nbsp;<\/div>\n<div><span style=\"font-size:12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>VIJ V.K., THATAI S.K., MONGA P.K., 2005. Evaluation of date palms cultivars in arid irrigated region of Punjab. <\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"font-size:12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\">In: International Confernce on Mango and Date Palm, Un of Faisalabad. Link: <a href=\"http:\/\/www.geocities.ws\/mdce2005\/MDCE2005\/43-189_195.pdf\" title=\"Abstract. Date  palm  (Phoenix  dactylifera)  is  a  potential  palm  for  the  arid-irrigated region within the deserts of the country as the climatic conditions of these areas are congenial for its fruit ripening.  Keeping this in view date palm cultivars were planted in Abohar area.  The performance of the various cultivars was monitored and  evaluation  of  the  cultivars  viz.,  Khadrawi,  Shamran,  Hillawi,  Barhee, Medjool, Zahidi, Deglet Noor, Dayri, Khalasa, Hayani,  Thoory and Iteema  was undertaken.  The studies were conducted at the Regional Fruit Research Station, Abohar, on thirty five year old trees for their vegetative, flowering and fruiting characteristics. The time of spathe emergence was earliest in Iteema followed by Khalasa,  Shamran,  Thoory,  Zahidi,  Khadrawi,  Deglet  Noor,  Dayri,  Medjool, Hayani,  Barhee  and  Hillawi.  The  probable  period  of  fruit  setting  was  between first  week  of  April  (Iteema)  to  third  week  of  April  (Barhee  and  Hillawi). Maximum  tree  spread  (841.87  cm)  was  recorded  in  Hillawi  while  maximum trunk girth (170.75 cm) in Iteema and the minimum in cv. Deglet Noor (131.13 cm).  However,  maximum  number  of  leaves  per  palm  per  year  (21.87)  was  in Dayri. Maximum number of spines per leaf was recorded in cv. Deglet Noor i.e., 45.0 per leaf and these were minimum in cv. Khadrawi (16.0).  Among the fruit characters,  maximum  number  of  berries  per  strand  (21.15)  was  recorded  in Deglet Noor and maximum fruit weight (23.68 g) and seed weight (2.35 g) was in cv. Medjool. Total soluble solids were recorded maximum (27.06 %) in the cv. Hillawi.    The  cultivars  Hillawi  and  Barhee  were  good  for  raw  eating  at  Doka stage and cv. Medjool was best for \u2018chuhara\u2019 making, whereas, cv Zahidi was good for processing as soft dates.\">http:\/\/www.geocities.ws\/<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div>&nbsp;<\/div>\n<div><span style=\"font-size:12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>GREWAL R,&nbsp; 2004. Natural Vegetation and Wildlife in the Punjab.<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"font-size:12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\">In: Journal of Punjab Studies, Punjab University, Chandigarh, Vol 11, No. 1. Link: <a href=\"http:\/\/www.global.ucsb.edu\/punjab\/journal_11_1\/4_grewal_r.pdf\" title=\"Abstract. Beginning with the British administrative reports, we begin to have a detailed sense of the fauna and flora of Punjab. The references to this facet of Punjabi life, however, appear from the poetry of Baba Farid (d.1265) onward. Using this extensive literature, which includes the writings of the Sikh Gurus, Sufi poets and early European travellers this paper provides a comprehensive attempt at creating a vivid account of grasses, trees, plants and wildlife found in the different parts of Punjab. This acts as a useful reminder of the bio-diversity of the region which has come under increasing pressure due to forces of modernity. A glossary of vernacular terms used is appended at the end. \">http:\/\/www.global.ucsb.edu\/<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div>&nbsp;<\/div>\n<div><span style=\"font-size:12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>MOHTASHEEM M., AHMAD S.W., AZHAR I., SHAIQ-ALI M. 2001. Brine Shrimp Bioassay of Phoenix Sylvestris. <\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"font-size:12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\">In: Pakistan Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 14(2), pp.19-21.<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"font-size:12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\">Link: <a href=\"http:\/\/www.academia.edu\/3521706\/Brine_shrimp_bioassay_of_phoenix_sylvestris\" title=\"Abstract. Brine shrimp bioassay is a simple method for natural product research. The procedure determines LD 50 values in \u00b5g\/ml of active compound and extract in the brine medium.Three different extracts (methanol, chloroform and butanol) of the male flower inflorescence of  Phoenix sylvestris were subjected to this bioassay. The results showed that the methanolic and butanolic extracts exhibit significant toxicity to the shrimps, while the chloroform extract was found to be non-toxic.\">http:\/\/www.academia.edu\/<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div>&nbsp;<\/div>\n<div><span style=\"font-size:12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>GIBBONS M., SPANNER T.W. 1995. Nannorrophs ritchiana, the Mazari palm, in Pakistan. <\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"font-size:12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\">In Principes, 39 (4), 177-182.<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"font-size:12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\">Link&nbsp;: <a href=\"http:\/\/www.palms.org\/principes\/1995\/vol39n4p177-182.pdf\" title=\"Abstract. After  careful study of the available records we made Peshawar our starting  point,  and  arrived  there  in  the  middle  of November. First on our list of places to visit was the famed Khyber Pass, about 20 miles (32 km)  west of the city,  which leads into Afghanistan. The next day we caught a plane south to Quetta where we began to see palms, first in ones and twos, then by  the  dozen and  the  hundred, covering great areas of the plain.\">http:\/\/www.palms.org\/<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div>&nbsp;<\/div>\n<div><span style=\"font-size:12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>MILNE D, 1913. The date palm and its cultivation in the Punjab. &nbsp;<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"font-size:12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\">Published for the Punjab Government [by] Pama Primlane, The Chronica Botanica<br \/>\n\tVersion en ligne: <a href=\"http:\/\/www.archive.org\/stream\/datepalmitsculti00milnrich#page\/n7\/mode\/2up\" title=\"Abstract. This note was originally written as a circular letter to meet the large number of questions which were showered on me in connection with the scheme of date improvement started some years ago in the Punjab. It was therefore only intended for my staff and a few people who were so kindly assisting the Agricultural Department in carrying out the work in connection with the date scheme. It has now been considerably extended and the circulation has become much wider : I therefore wish to say that in addition to drawing on my own knowledge gained in Egypt and in India I have, when writing this pamphlet, made free use of W. T. Swingle's Bulletin No. 53, Department of Agriculture of the United States of America, Dr. Bonavia's book ' The Date Palm in India,&quot; and other works. I have also to thank Mr. Gaskin, Assistant for Commerce and Trade, Baghdad, and other friends, for their kindness in giving me information. My most grateful thanks are due to Agha Yusaf Ali Khan, my Teaching and Research Assistant, and to other members of my staff, for assistance in the collection of materials from the date plantations laid down by the Agricultural Department in the Punjab, from the experiments which have been carried on, and from the various pieces of information which have been picked up during tours and at demonstrations on date culture.\">http:\/\/www.archive.org\/<\/a><br \/>\n\tVersion pdf: <a href=\"http:\/\/ia700407.us.archive.org\/19\/items\/datepalmitsculti00milnrich\/datepalmitsculti00milnrich.pdf\">http:\/\/ia700407.us.archive.org\/<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<p>{\/tabs}<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Palmiculture et agrosyst\u00e8mes oasiens. CRP 2015. Monographies.\u00a0Ed. en Ligne.\u00a0 LA CULTURE DU PALMIER-DATTIER DANS LA MOYENNE VALLEE DE L&rsquo;INDUS (PUNJAB, PAKISTAN) Par Jean-Christophe PINTAUD (IRD-Montpellier)&#8230;<\/p>\n<div class=\"more-link-wrapper\"><a class=\"more-link\" href=\"http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/?page_id=2287\">Continue reading<span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Punjab (PK)<\/span><\/a><\/div>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"parent":2313,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-2287","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry","entry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2287","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=2287"}],"version-history":[{"count":18,"href":"http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2287\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":12850,"href":"http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2287\/revisions\/12850"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2313"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=2287"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}