{"id":2300,"date":"2012-01-14T12:51:55","date_gmt":"2012-01-14T11:51:55","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.art.listephoenix.com\/?page_id=702"},"modified":"2025-04-06T12:09:31","modified_gmt":"2025-04-06T11:09:31","slug":"sex-determination","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/?page_id=2300","title":{"rendered":"Propagation"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p><strong>Citer cet article&nbsp;: CRP 2012. Description et caract\u00e9risation des palmiers du genre Phoenix: caract\u00e9risation g\u00e9n\u00e9tique du genre Phoenix.&nbsp;Chapitre 2\/3: propagation.<\/strong> R\u00e9dacteur Robert CASTELLANA.&nbsp;Statut: compte-rendu de recherches. Edition en ligne.<strong>&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/?page_id=2272\">Lien<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<div style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 11px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/WYcM-XHxu4I\" width=\"504\" height=\"280\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" align=\"left\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 11px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\">VIDEO\u00a0: la technique de pollinisation manuelle des palmiers dattiers dans l\u2019oasis de Figuig au Maroc (LE BOURG 2013)<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: left;\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<div><span style=\"color: #008000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><b style=\"color: #008000; font-family: tahoma, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;\">CHAPITRE 2\/3. REPRODUCTION V\u00c9G\u00c9TATIVE ET REPRODUCTION SEXU\u00c9E. Les palmiers du genre Phoenix sont qualifi\u00e9s de dio\u00efques, du fait qu\u2019il existe des individus <\/b><span style=\"color: #008000; font-family: tahoma, geneva, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><b>m\u00e2les<\/b><\/span><\/span><b style=\"color: #008000; font-family: tahoma, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;\">\u00a0et femelles. A c\u00f4t\u00e9 de la reproduction par graines (on parle de reproduction sexu\u00e9e), plusieurs esp\u00e8ces \u00e9mettent aussi des rejets qui peuvent \u00eatre replant\u00e9s (on parle alors de reproduction v\u00e9g\u00e9tative ou clonage). Le palmier-dattier, <\/b><em style=\"color: #008000; font-family: tahoma, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold;\">Phoenix dactylifera<\/em><b style=\"color: #008000; font-family: tahoma, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;\">, est le plus important des palmiers du genre Phoenix. Il est en effet cultiv\u00e9, essentiellement pour ses fruits, dans une zone tr\u00e8s vaste qui va de l\u2019Atlantique \u00e0 l\u2019Oc\u00e9an Indien. Dans ces r\u00e9gions, le plus souvent arides, il repr\u00e9sente une importante source de revenus pour les populations rurales. Les \u00e9co-syst\u00e8mes oasiens jouent par ailleurs un r\u00f4le majeur en mati\u00e8re de biodiversit\u00e9. Le clonage (et sa version moderne la reproduction in vitro) est depuis longtemps la principale source d\u2019am\u00e9lioration vari\u00e9tale, au d\u00e9triment de la diversit\u00e9. La pollinisation demeure toutefois n\u00e9cessaire, mais uniquement afin d\u2019assurer une maturation correcte des fruits. Elle est pratiqu\u00e9e traditionnellement par pollinisation manuelle, en l\u2019absence d\u2019une quantit\u00e9 suffisante de pollinisateurs m\u00e2les dans les r\u00e9gions de culture. La pollinisation agit aussi sur les qualit\u00e9s du fruit. Ces effets sont qualifi\u00e9s de m\u00e9tax\u00e9niques. Leur compr\u00e9hension fait appel \u00e0 la connaissance des propri\u00e9t\u00e9s physico-chimiques des pollens et des m\u00e9canismes de la pollinisation. La pollinisation est par ailleurs possible entre les diverses esp\u00e8ces qui composent le genre Phoenix. Le domaine encore peu connu de l\u2019hybridation fait l\u2019objet d\u2019une autre page de ce site web.<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div>\u00a0<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div><span style=\"color: #008000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><b style=\"color: #008000; font-family: tahoma, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;\">Sommaire du chapitre<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"color: #008000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><b style=\"color: #008000; font-family: tahoma, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;\">1. Historique <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"color: #008000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><b style=\"color: #008000; font-family: tahoma, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;\">2. Pollinisation <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"color: #008000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><b style=\"color: #008000; font-family: tahoma, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;\">3. Pollen <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"color: #008000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><b style=\"color: #008000; font-family: tahoma, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;\">4. Biotechnologies <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"color: #008000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><b style=\"color: #008000; font-family: tahoma, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;\">5. Glossaire<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>HISTORIQUE<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<div>\n<div><a title=\"\" href=\"http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/01\/Assyrian-palm-tree.-The-Hague-Museum.jpg\" target=\"\" rel=\"\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-5500 alignleft\" title=\"\" src=\"http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/01\/Assyrian-palm-tree.-The-Hague-Museum.jpg\" alt=\"Assyrian palm tree. The Hague Museum\" width=\"377\" height=\"222\" srcset=\"http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/01\/Assyrian-palm-tree.-The-Hague-Museum.jpg 673w, http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/01\/Assyrian-palm-tree.-The-Hague-Museum-150x88.jpg 150w, http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/01\/Assyrian-palm-tree.-The-Hague-Museum-300x176.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 377px) 100vw, 377px\" \/><\/a><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 11px;\">Ill. ce bas-relief assyrien repr\u00e9sente la premi\u00e8re attestation de pollinisation manuelle d\u2019une plante, en l\u2019occurence le palmier-dattier.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"color: #008000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>L\u2019emploi des techniques de pollinisation remonte \u00e0 la plus haute antiquit\u00e9 en ce qui concerne le palmier, mais c\u2019est seulement au XX\u00b0 si\u00e8cle que la pollinisation a fait l\u2019objet de travaux scientifiques importants. Ils ont d\u00e9bouch\u00e9 sur des am\u00e9liorations g\u00e9n\u00e9tiques siginificatives chez le palmier \u00e0 huile. Des programmes \u00e9quivalents ont \u00e9t\u00e9 conduits pour le palmier dattier, mais sans rencontrer le succ\u00e8s esp\u00e9r\u00e9. De tels programmes demandent en effet de longues ann\u00e9es de croisements control\u00e9s sur plusieurs g\u00e9n\u00e9rations. De r\u00e9cents d\u00e9veloppements de ces techniques font d\u00e9sormais appel aux biotechnologies, afin de produire des pollinisateurs d\u2019int\u00e9r\u00eat dans des d\u00e9lais plus brefs. Leur int\u00e9r\u00eat est toutefois limit\u00e9 du fait que les cultivateurs ont depuis longtemps s\u00e9lectionn\u00e9 des cultivars de qualit\u00e9 et adopt\u00e9 des techniques agronomiques performantes d\u2019am\u00e9lioration de leurs productions. La qualit\u00e9 des pollens n\u2019est en effet que l\u2019un des nombreux facteurs affectant la fructification.<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div>\u00a0<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div><span style=\"color: #008000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>*LES\u00a0<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #008000; font-family: tahoma, geneva, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><b>PR\u00c9CURSEURS<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><a title=\"\" href=\"http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/01\/Botanic-Bommer-Jean-Edouard-1829-1895.jpg\" target=\"\" rel=\"\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-8056\" title=\"\" src=\"http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/01\/Botanic-Bommer-Jean-Edouard-1829-1895.jpg\" alt=\"Botanic Bommer, Jean-Edouard (1829-1895)\" width=\"146\" height=\"224\" srcset=\"http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/01\/Botanic-Bommer-Jean-Edouard-1829-1895.jpg 254w, http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/01\/Botanic-Bommer-Jean-Edouard-1829-1895-98x150.jpg 98w, http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/01\/Botanic-Bommer-Jean-Edouard-1829-1895-196x300.jpg 196w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 146px) 100vw, 146px\" \/><\/a><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 11px;\">Ill. Bommer, Jean-Edouard (1829-1895)<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>\u00ab\u00a0Dans cette notice, se trouvent consign\u00e9s les r\u00e9sultats de plusieurs exp\u00e9riences ayant trait \u00e0 la f\u00e9condation artificielle des Palmiers.<\/strong> [\u2026\/\u2026] <strong>Il est inutile de d\u00e9montrer le peu de ressources qu&rsquo;offrent les palmiers comme moyens de multiplication. La production de bourgeons adventifs est, je crois, le seul et encore est-il souvent bien incertain en m\u00eame temps que fort difficile.<\/strong> [\u2026\/\u2026] <strong>Il en existe un autre dont le r\u00e9sultat ne laisse aucun doute, c&rsquo;est le semis. Rendre ce moyen pratique, tel a \u00e9t\u00e9 le but que je voulais atteindre en faisant fructifier artificiellement plusieurs palmiers cultiv\u00e9s au Jardin botanique de Bruxelles.\u00a0\u00bb <\/strong>[<a title=\"BOMMER JE 1867. De la fecondation artificielle des palmiers et de la recolte du pollen pour cette operation. In : Bulletin De La Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Royale De Botanique De Belgique. T VI. 359-367.\" href=\"https:\/\/ia801702.us.archive.org\/26\/items\/jstor-20790475\/20790475.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Bommer 1867<\/a>]. <\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div>\u00a0<\/div>\n<div><span style=\"color: #008000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><b style=\"color: #008000; font-family: tahoma, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;\">*LE <\/b><span style=\"color: #008000; font-family: tahoma, geneva, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><b>MOD\u00c8LE<\/b><\/span><\/span><b style=\"color: #008000; font-family: tahoma, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;\"> DU PALMIER A HUILE <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><a title=\"\" href=\"http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/01\/Oil-palm-production-Le-Monde-Diplomatique.jpg\" target=\"\" rel=\"\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-8057\" title=\"\" src=\"http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/01\/Oil-palm-production-Le-Monde-Diplomatique.jpg\" alt=\"Oil palm production Le Monde Diplomatique\" width=\"365\" height=\"233\" srcset=\"http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/01\/Oil-palm-production-Le-Monde-Diplomatique.jpg 609w, http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/01\/Oil-palm-production-Le-Monde-Diplomatique-150x96.jpg 150w, http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/01\/Oil-palm-production-Le-Monde-Diplomatique-300x192.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 365px) 100vw, 365px\" \/><\/a><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 11px;\">Ill. la production mondiale d\u2019huile de palme (source Le Monde Diplomatique)<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>L\u2019heterosis d\u00e9signe le fait que la descendance peut pr\u00e9senter des caract\u00e8res sup\u00e9rieurs \u00e0 ceux de leurs g\u00e9niteurs\u00a0: <\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>\u00ab\u00a0<\/strong><strong>Un des points essentiels qui explique la gen\u00e8se de l\u2019am\u00e9lioration g\u00e9n\u00e9tique telle que nous la connaissons aujourd\u2019hui <\/strong>[chez le palmier \u00e0 huile] <strong>est la mise en \u00e9vidence d\u2019un h\u00e9t\u00e9rosis important lors de \u00abl\u2019Exp\u00e9rience Internationale\u00bb d\u00e9cid\u00e9e juste apr\u00e8s guerre, et plant\u00e9e de 1950 \u00e0 1953. A l\u2019initiative de l\u2019IRHO, cinq plantations ont \u00e9chang\u00e9 et inter-crois\u00e9 leurs meilleurs g\u00e9niteurs, issus des populations que ces plantations avaient contribu\u00e9 \u00e0 cr\u00e9er avant guerre. Cette exp\u00e9rience a donn\u00e9 des r\u00e9sultats tout \u00e0 fait int\u00e9ressants\u00a0:<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>*La mise en \u00e9vidence d\u2019une variabilit\u00e9 importante entre les diff\u00e9rentes populations \u00e9tudi\u00e9es,<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>*Le caract\u00e8re additif de l\u2019h\u00e9r\u00e9dit\u00e9 du nombre et du poids moyen des r\u00e9gimes produits par les palmiers, composantes essentielles de la production,<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>*La sup\u00e9riorit\u00e9 des croisements inter origines sur les croisements intra origines.<\/strong><strong>\u00ab\u00a0<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>Cet effet d\u2019h\u00e9t\u00e9rosis \u00e9tait d\u2019autant plus fort qu\u2019il y avait compl\u00e9mentarit\u00e9 entre les g\u00e9niteurs <\/strong>[<a title=\"DURAND-GASSELIN T, COCHARD B, AMBLARD P, NOUY B 2009. Exploitation de l\u2019heterosis dans l\u2019am\u00e9lioration g\u00e9n\u00e9tique du palmier a huile (El\u00e6is guineensis). In: &quot;Le S\u00e9lectionneur Fran\u00e7ais&quot; 2009 (60), 91-100. Extraits. Typiquement cette compl\u00e9mentarit\u00e9 est illustr\u00e9e par le nombre et le poids moyen des r\u00e9gimes. C\u2019est ainsi que l\u2019origine Deli, d\u00e9velopp\u00e9e en Asie, qui produit un petit nombre de gros r\u00e9gimes se combine tr\u00e8s bien avec l\u2019origine la M\u00e9, d\u00e9velopp\u00e9e en C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire, qui produit un grand nombre de petits r\u00e9gimes \u2026\/\u2026\" href=\"http:\/\/www.selectionneurs.asso.fr\/bulletin\/downloadintervention?id=21\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Durand-Gasselin 2009<\/a>]. <\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div>\u00a0<\/div>\n<div><span style=\"color: #008000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>*LE CAS DU PALMIER DATTIER<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><a title=\"\" href=\"http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/01\/Pollinisation-naturelle-et-controlee.jpg\" target=\"\" rel=\"\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-8101 alignleft\" title=\"\" src=\"http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/01\/Pollinisation-naturelle-et-controlee.jpg\" alt=\"Pollinisation naturelle et controlee\" width=\"390\" height=\"238\" srcset=\"http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/01\/Pollinisation-naturelle-et-controlee.jpg 609w, http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/01\/Pollinisation-naturelle-et-controlee-150x91.jpg 150w, http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/01\/Pollinisation-naturelle-et-controlee-300x183.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 390px) 100vw, 390px\" \/><\/a><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 11px;\">Ill. pollinisation contr\u00f4l\u00e9e et domestication des plantes (Source: <a href=\"http:\/\/conceptcours.fr\/www\/term_s\/tc\/2_AB_planet\/2B_plante.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">conceptcours.fr<\/a>)<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>\u00ab\u00a0L\u2019am\u00e9lioration des plantes allogames a connu de nombreux succ\u00e8s parmi lesquels l\u2019exploitation de l\u2019effet h\u00e9t\u00e9rosis qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 ensuite employ\u00e9 chez les plantes autogames. En 1926, NIXON met en \u00e9vidence sur le palmier dattier la m\u00e9tax\u00e9nie, qui se traduit par l\u2019impact direct du pollen sur la qualit\u00e9 et la p\u00e9riode de maturation des dattes. En Tunisie, malgr\u00e9 la pr\u00e9sence de plus de 250 vari\u00e9t\u00e9s de palmier dattier, aucun clone de pollinisateur n\u2019existe dans les r\u00e9gions phoenicicoles. Ceux-ci ont \u00e9t\u00e9 n\u00e9glig\u00e9s par ignorance de l\u2019effet du pollen sur la qualit\u00e9 et la dur\u00e9e de maturation des fruits et par absence de valeur marchande du pollen.<\/strong> [\u2026\/\u2026] <strong>Par ailleurs, l\u2019am\u00e9lioration de la qualit\u00e9 des dattes est tributaire de plusieurs interventions agronomiques relatives \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9claircissage des fruits, \u00e0 l\u2019irrigation et \u00e0 l\u2019entretien de la palmeraie. La contribution du pollen, bien que connue depuis des ann\u00e9es, n\u2019est pas prise en consid\u00e9ration.\u00a0\u00bb<\/strong> [<a title=\"BCHINI H. 2006. Quelques criteres morphologiques de s\u00e9lection indirecte des pollinisateurs \u00e0 effet m\u00e9taxenique chez la vari\u00e9t\u00e9 de palmier dattier Deglet Nour de Tunisie. In: Plant Genetic Resources Newsletter (IPGRI\/FAO) 145 (46-60). Extraits. Avec l\u2019orientation des march\u00e9s nationaux et internationaux vers l\u2019aspect qualitatif et la concurrence des dattes \u2018Deglet Nour\u2019 par celles produites en Alg\u00e9rie ou d\u2019autres dattes telles que la vari\u00e9t\u00e9 \u2018Majoul\u2019, l\u2019adoption d\u2019un paquet technologique constitu\u00e9 d\u2019un ensemble de techniques et de sources en vue d\u2019am\u00e9liorer la qualit\u00e9 des fruits est d\u2019une importance cruciale. Quant \u00e0 la date de maturation des dattes, le pollen para\u00eet jusqu\u2019alors le seul facteur agissant sur la pr\u00e9cocit\u00e9 ou la tardivet\u00e9 de la maturation. La s\u00e9lection de pollinisateurs pr\u00e9sentant des caract\u00e8res favorables parmi la population existante repose sur la caract\u00e9risation des pollinisateurs et l\u2019\u00e9tude de l\u2019effet du pollen sur les dattes. Deux m\u00e9thodes de s\u00e9lection de pollinisateurs ont \u00e9t\u00e9 utilis\u00e9es s\u00e9par\u00e9ment. La m\u00e9thode directe qui est la plus utilis\u00e9e, repose sur le test de chaque pollinisateur. Cette m\u00e9thode p\u00e9nible et lente ne couvre qu\u2019un faible nombre de pollinisateurs \u00e0 la fois. La deuxi\u00e8me m\u00e9thode a \u00e9t\u00e9 r\u00e9alis\u00e9e pour la s\u00e9lection parmi plus de 600 pollinisateurs en Arabie saoudite sur la base des caract\u00e9ristiques des spathes (Nasr et al. 1986), mais l\u2019impact de cette m\u00e9thode n\u2019a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 \u00e9lucid\u00e9 et aucun rapport sur ses r\u00e9sultats n\u2019a \u00e9t\u00e9 \u00e9labor\u00e9. Cette \u00e9tude est conduite afin de chercher des caract\u00e8res morphologiques pour la s\u00e9lection indirecte des pollinisateurs. Les deux m\u00e9thodes mentionn\u00e9es ci-dessus sont regroup\u00e9es. \" href=\"http:\/\/www.bioversityinternational.org\/fileadmin\/PGR\/article-issue_145-art_7-lang_fr.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Bchini 2006<\/a>] <\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div>\u00a0<\/div>\n<div><span style=\"color: #008000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>* LES FACTEURS AFFECTANT LA POLLINISATION<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><a title=\"\" href=\"http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/01\/Pollinisation-receptivite-florale-des-cutivars.jpg\" target=\"\" rel=\"\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-8058 alignleft\" title=\"\" src=\"http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/01\/Pollinisation-receptivite-florale-des-cutivars.jpg\" alt=\"Pollinisation receptivite florale des cutivars\" width=\"426\" height=\"296\" srcset=\"http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/01\/Pollinisation-receptivite-florale-des-cutivars.jpg 609w, http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/01\/Pollinisation-receptivite-florale-des-cutivars-150x104.jpg 150w, http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/01\/Pollinisation-receptivite-florale-des-cutivars-300x208.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 426px) 100vw, 426px\" \/><\/a><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 11px;\">Ill. BOUBEKRI 2008<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>La compr\u00e9hension des m\u00e9canismes de la pollinisation joue un r\u00f4le majeur dans les recherches en cours. De nombreux facteurs peuvent en effet affecter la qualit\u00e9 de la production datti\u00e8re: <\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>* <u>La ph\u00e9nologie<\/u><\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>La p\u00e9riode de floraison des palmiers (m\u00e2les comme femelles) pr\u00e9sente de grands \u00e9carts d\u2019un individu \u00e0 l\u2019autre. L\u2019existence de palmiers males \u00e0 floraison pr\u00e9coce ou tardive est essentielle de ce point de vue.<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>* <u>La g\u00e9n\u00e9tique.<\/u><\/strong><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>\u00a0Les recherches portent sur les degr\u00e9s de compatibilit\u00e9 et d\u2019incompatibilit\u00e9 entre palmiers males et femelles. Si la r\u00e9ceptivit\u00e9 d\u2019une fleur femelle varie par exemple dans le temps en fonction de facteurs climatiques, elle est aussi reli\u00e9e aux diff\u00e9rents types de cultivars comme le montre le tableau ci-dessus.<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>* <u>L\u2019alternance.<\/u><\/strong><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>\u00a0Le palmier dattier est particuli\u00e8rement sensible \u00e0 ce ph\u00e9nom\u00e8ne, commun chez les arbres fruitiers, d\u2019une alternance de fortes productions suivies de r\u00e9coltes faibles en quantit\u00e9 comme en qualit\u00e9. Les cultivateurs usent de 2 techniques : la limitation du nombre de r\u00e9gimes et du nombre de fruits par r\u00e9gimes.<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>* <u>Les conditions climatiques.<\/u><\/strong><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>\u00a0La temp\u00e9rature, la pluie, le vent et l\u2019humidit\u00e9 ont un effet tr\u00e8s marqu\u00e9 sur la floraison, la pollinisation, la nouaison, la maturation et la production de dattes.<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>* <u>La qualit\u00e9 du pollen.<\/u><\/strong><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>\u00a0L\u2019influence des pollens sur la f\u00e9condation concerne essentiellement :<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>* l\u2019abondance de la production de pollen\u00a0; <\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>* le pouvoir germinatif des pollens\u00a0;<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>* les conditions d\u2019extraction et de stockage des pollens.<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>* <u>La technique de pollinisation.<\/u><\/strong><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>\u00a0La pollinisation des palmiers dattiers fait appel depuis longtemps \u00e0 diverses techniques, dont :<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>* les techniques de pollinisations manuelle et m\u00e9cannique\u00a0;<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>* l\u2019usage de solutions de pollens \u00e0 divers taux de concentrations\u00a0;<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>* l\u2019emploi d\u2019hormones agissant sur la croissance et le d\u00e9veloppement des fruits.<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>D\u2019autres \u00e9tudes, peu d\u00e9velopp\u00e9es, portent sur les m\u00e9canismes naturels de la pollinisation. Elles concernent notamment le r\u00f4le de l\u2019abondante entomofaune qu\u2019abrite l\u2019\u00e9cosyst\u00e8me palmier. <\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"color: #008000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>En savoir plus <\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><span style=\"color: #008000;\"><strong>PEYRON G. 2000. Cultiver le palmier-dattier. Guide illustr\u00e9 de formation.<\/strong> <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\">In: GRIDAO \/ CIRAD. <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><a title=\"Extrait quasi int\u00e9gral du chapitre \u2018La production du palmier-dattier\u2019. SOMMAIRE :  *Une plante dio\u00efque  *L'importance des facteurs climatiques  *Les palmiers m\u00e2les, ou dokkars  *La r\u00e9colte et la pr\u00e9paration du pollen  *La pollinisation et la f\u00e9condation des inflorescences femelles  *Les soins et la r\u00e9colte de la production  *La r\u00e9colte des dattes\" href=\"https:\/\/books.google.fr\/books?id=YvO7Xve6ByMC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;hl=fr&amp;source=gbs_ge_summary_r&amp;cad=0#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">books.google.fr<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div>\u00a0<\/div>\n<div><span style=\"color: #008000; font-family: tahoma, geneva, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><b>TUTORIELS<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Collecting Medjool Pollen\" width=\"500\" height=\"375\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/dcfeomBk_CA?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>Collecting Medjool Pollen. <\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; color: #000000;\">This is the method we use to collect medjool pollen from the male palm trees. After the flower arms are removed from the palm trees, the are dried and shaken over a mesh to collect pollen. The collected pollen will be thinned with flour and later used to pollenate the female flowers, which will produce our medjool dates.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\u00a0<\/div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Thinning Medjool Pollen\" width=\"500\" height=\"375\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/iOZMe1QO7ok?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>Thinning Medjool Pollen. <\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; color: #000000;\">Pollen is collected from the Male Palms in early March. After drying, the pollen is mixed with flower to allow for a more diluted concentration of pollen mix.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\u00a0<\/div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Thinning Medjool Dates\" width=\"500\" height=\"375\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/hwYzudiBUnY?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>Thinning Medjool Dates. <\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; color: #000000;\">This is how medjool dates get so big. This important cultural practice is done each season usually in May. Video is taken from the crown of the medjool date palm in a canasta raised 60 feet high with a heavy duty forklift. All thinning work is done by hand.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><strong>2. POLLINISATION<\/strong><\/p>\n<div><strong><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 11px;\">VIDEO. Pollinating Medjool dates in the Jordan River Valley<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/div>\n<div>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Date Palm Pollination Machine March 2013\" width=\"500\" height=\"375\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/2c9SqNu7Wdg?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div><span style=\"color: #008000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>A la diff\u00e9rence de la majorit\u00e9 des esp\u00e8ces fruiti\u00e8res, dont la pollinisation est assur\u00e9e par des insectes, le palmier-dattier est une esp\u00e8ce an\u00e9mophile, c\u2019est-\u00e0-dire pollinis\u00e9e par le vent. Le fait que les insectes pollinisateurs originels des palmiers soient pour une grande part des col\u00e9opt\u00e8res, donc des ravageurs potentiels, pourrait \u00eatre aux sources de cette \u00e9volution. Si les cultivateurs ont choisi (depuis longtemps) de proc\u00e9der eux-m\u00eames \u00e0 la pollinisation, c\u2019est plut\u00f4t pour \u00e9viter de multiplier des palmiers males dans leurs plantations. Ils usent pour cela de l\u2019impollinisation dite manuelle, qui consiste \u00e0 d\u00e9poser sur les r\u00e9gimes de dattes des \u00e9pillets recueillis sur des pollinisateurs. Il s\u2019agit d\u2019une technique n\u00e9cessitant une main d\u2019\u0153uvre importante, et d\u2019un m\u00e9tier p\u00e9nible et dangereux, de plus en plus difficile \u00e0 p\u00e9renniser d\u00e8s lors que s\u2019imposent des r\u00e8gles modernes de s\u00e9curit\u00e9. Pour y rem\u00e9dier, des techniques de pollinisation m\u00e9cannique ont \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9velopp\u00e9es depuis pr\u00e8s d\u2019un si\u00e8cle. Le profil ph\u00e9nologique des palmiers, qui constitue la r\u00e9ponse de l\u2019esp\u00e8ce aux d\u00e9terminants climatiques majeurs (temp\u00e9rature, pr\u00e9cipitations, humidit\u00e9 atmosph\u00e9rique, ensoleillement, photop\u00e9riode), demeure par contre un domaine encore peu connu en mati\u00e8re de pollinisation.<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div>\u00a0<\/div>\n<div><span style=\"color: #008000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>* LA POLLINISATION NATURELLE<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><a href=\"http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/01\/Pollinisateurs-des-palmiers.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-8060\" src=\"http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/01\/Pollinisateurs-des-palmiers.jpg\" alt=\"Pollinisateurs des palmiers\" width=\"354\" height=\"306\" srcset=\"http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/01\/Pollinisateurs-des-palmiers.jpg 354w, http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/01\/Pollinisateurs-des-palmiers-150x130.jpg 150w, http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/01\/Pollinisateurs-des-palmiers-300x259.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 354px) 100vw, 354px\" \/><\/a><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 11px;\">Ill. BARFOD et alii 2011.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>\u00ab\u00a0On suppose que le mode de pollinisation originel des palmiers est l&rsquo;entomophilie <\/strong>[pollinisation par les insectes] <strong>dont la cantharophilie <\/strong>[qui fait appel aux col\u00e9opt\u00e8res]<strong> est un mode d\u00e9riv\u00e9. Plusieurs esp\u00e8ces sont ainsi sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9es dans la pollinisation par les col\u00e9opt\u00e8res. L&rsquo;interrelation palmiers\/col\u00e9opt\u00e8res a apparemment \u00e9volu\u00e9 vers un \u00e9quilibre entre le parasitisme et la pollinisation. Le fait que beaucoup de palmiers se reproduisent par leurs propres pollinisateurs et qu&rsquo;ils peuvent en outre \u00eatre pollinis\u00e9s par le vent, les rend plus ind\u00e9pendant de l&rsquo;entomofaune. La pollinisation par le vent, bien que d\u00e9riv\u00e9e chez les palmiers, est probablement apparue tr\u00e8s t\u00f4t dans l&rsquo;histoire de l&rsquo;\u00e9volution.\u00a0\u00bb<\/strong> [<a title=\"SILBERBAUER-GOTTSBERGER 1990. Pollination and Evolution in Palms. In: Phyton (Horn, Austria) 30 (2): 213-233, 6 figures. Summary. It is hypothesized that the original pollination mode in palms was one of general entomophily and that cantharophily is a derived mode. Many extant palm species are pollinated by more than one insect group, often with predominance of either bees, flies, or beetles. Certain morphological and physiological differentiation patterns of inflorescences and flowers are correlated with the predominance of a certain insect group, but these modifications are not so specific that they exclude other insect groups from visiting and pollinating the flowers. Furthermore, wind is a potential pollen vector. On the other hand, several species are specialized in their pollination for beetles. These cantharophilous species show different syndromes with diurnal or nocturnal attraction. Species exhibiting cantharophily belong to primitive groups as well as to more derived ones. Curculionidae and Nitidulidae are the main pollinators of cantharophilous palms, but also Scarabaeidae (Dynastinae) or Staphylinidae are involved. Pollination of palm flowers by beetles is closely related with predation. Palms offer food and mating or breeding sites for the beetles. The interrelationship palms\/beetles has apparently evolved towards a balance between parasitism and successful pollination. The fact that many palms breed their own pollinators and that they additionally can be pollinated by the wind, makes them more independent from the surrounding insect fauna. Wind pollination, although derived in palms, probably was a very early event in the evolutionary history of the family and occurs today in primitive and derived species. \" href=\"http:\/\/www.landesmuseum.at\/pdf_frei_remote\/PHY_30_2_0213-0233.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Silberbauer-Gottsberger 1990<\/a>]<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div>\n<div><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>L\u2019\u00e9cosyst\u00e8me palmier: <\/strong><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>\u00ab\u00a0<\/strong><strong>Jusqu&rsquo;\u00e0 il ya<\/strong><strong> 25 ans, le point de vue dominant dans la litt\u00e9rature scientifique est que les palmiers sont principalement pollinis\u00e9s par le vent. Un examen des \u00e9tudes sur la pollinisation men\u00e9 par Henderson (1986) a montr\u00e9 que les insectes sont principalement responsables pour le transfert de pollen des anth\u00e8res \u00e0 la stigmatisation. Henderson a conclu que trois principaux syndromes de pollinisation existent chez les palmiers: la pollinisation par les col\u00e9opt\u00e8res (cantharophily), la pollinisation par les \u00a0abeilles (mellitophily) et la pollinisation par les mouches (myophily). La faune qui fr\u00e9quente les palmiers est en r\u00e9alit\u00e9 beaucoup plus diversifi\u00e9e avec divers mammif\u00e8res (chauves-souris ou rats) et m\u00eame une esp\u00e8ce de crustac\u00e9. L&rsquo;interaction entre les palmiers et leur faune repr\u00e9sente un compromis entre les services fournis par les pollinisateurs potentiels et les activit\u00e9s antagonistes des visiteurs non-pollinisateurs.\u00a0\u00bb<\/strong> [<a title=\"BARFOD A.S., HAGEN M., BORCHSENIUS F. 2011. Twenty-five years of progress in understanding pollination mechanisms in palms (Arecaceae).  In : Ann Bot (2011) 108 (8): 1503-1516 first published online August 9, 2011. EXTRAITS.  \u2020 Background With more than 90 published studies of pollination mechanisms, the palm family is one of the better studied tropical families of angiosperms. Controlled pollination experiments that test the relative importance of autogamy, geitonogamy and xenogamy have rarely been conducted. In\ufb02orescence and \ufb02ower traits are important drivers of pollinator assembly in all angiosperms. The overall structure and phenology of the in\ufb02orescence play an important role in protecting vital parts against herbivores and at the same time in attracting pollinators.\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC3219497\/pdf\/mcr192.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Barford 2011<\/a>]<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div>\u00a0<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div><span style=\"color: #008000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>* LA POLLINISATION MECANNIQUE<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><a title=\"\" href=\"http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/01\/PAKISTAN-Punjab-Jhang-pollinisation.jpg\" target=\"\" rel=\"\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-6626\" title=\"\" src=\"http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/01\/PAKISTAN-Punjab-Jhang-pollinisation.jpg\" alt=\"PAKISTAN Punjab Jhang pollinisation\" width=\"262\" height=\"348\" srcset=\"http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/01\/PAKISTAN-Punjab-Jhang-pollinisation.jpg 467w, http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/01\/PAKISTAN-Punjab-Jhang-pollinisation-112x150.jpg 112w, http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/01\/PAKISTAN-Punjab-Jhang-pollinisation-225x300.jpg 225w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 262px) 100vw, 262px\" \/><\/a><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 11px;\">Ill. Appareil de pollinisation en usage au Pakistan (ph. JC Pintaud)<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>\u00ab\u00a0BOUNAVIER, d\u00e8s 1885, a \u00e9t\u00e9 le premier chercheur \u00e0 utiliser un appareil muni d\u2019un soufflet en caoutchouc pour pratiquer la pollinisation des palmiers. <\/strong><strong>A partir de LEURY (1982), la pollinisation par poudrage a permis une meilleure f\u00e9condation et une \u00e9conomie de pollen, avec l\u2019utilisation de substrat en m\u00e9lange. Le poudrage par le pollen avec un m\u00e9lange de farine peut ainsi avoir un taux de nouaison de 90% avec une proportion de pollen de 2% \u00e0 4%. Les modes appliqu\u00e9s dans les techniques m\u00e9cannique et semi-m\u00e9canique concernent\u00a0:<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>\u2013 le substrat : pl\u00e2tre, talc ou farine, <\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>\u2013 le pourcentage pollen\/substrat : 20 % \u00e0 30% du pollen <\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>\u2013 la quantit\u00e9 de pollen : de 1 \u00e0 3 g par palmier.<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>\u2013 le nombre de passages : 2 \u00e0 3 par palmier (\u00e0 1 \u00e0 2 jours d\u2019intervalle), en relation \u00e9troite avec la p\u00e9riode de r\u00e9ceptivit\u00e9 de la vari\u00e9t\u00e9. <\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>-les m\u00e9thodes de s\u00e9chage et conservation du pollen: la r\u00e9frig\u00e9ration, la cong\u00e9lation, la dessiccation, la lyophilisation. <\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>-l\u2019utilisation d\u2019un appareil broyeur pour la pr\u00e9paration du m\u00e9lange<\/strong>.<strong>\u00ab\u00a0<\/strong> [<a title=\"BOUBEKRI F. 2008. Synth\u00e8se bibliographique sur les diff\u00e9rentes techniques de la pollinisation du palmier dattier (l\u2019I.N.R.A.de Touggourt). Th\u00e8se, Un. de Ouargla. Extraits : M\u00e9thode d'Essais \u00e0 BISKRA. Sur deux vari\u00e9t\u00e9s (SAYER, HALAWY) de palmiers homog\u00e8nes (20 ans d\u2019\u00e2ge), a \u00e9t\u00e9 pratiqu\u00e9e la pollinisation m\u00e9canique sur 10 palmiers avec 4 r\u00e9p\u00e9titions, compar\u00e9e \u00e0 10 palmiers pollinis\u00e9s manuellement \u2026\/\u2026 Le r\u00e9sultat obtenu pendant deux ann\u00e9es est bon par apport de pollinisation manuelle. Chaque appareil de pollinisation utilis\u00e9 pour les deux ann\u00e9es a par contre une variation de pourcentage de r\u00e9ussite. Le choix du meilleur appareil de pollinisation, doit prendre en consid\u00e9ration la possibilit\u00e9 de transport de pollen, la facilit\u00e9 de la technique appliqu\u00e9e et le fonctionnement des appareils (facilit\u00e9 de d\u00e9placement et de portage). \" href=\"http:\/\/bu.univ-ouargla.dz\/ingenieur\/pdf\/boubakri-fatiha.pdf?idmemoire=1076\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Boubekri 2008<\/a>] <\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div>\u00a0<\/div>\n<div>\n<div><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><span style=\"color: #008000;\"><span style=\"color: #008000; font-family: tahoma, geneva, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><b>Autres illustrations: Appareils de pollinisation m\u00e9canique des palmiers dattiers <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\">(Source: BOUBEKRI F. 2008) <\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div>\n<div>\u00a0<\/div>\n<div><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><span style=\"color: #008000;\"><strong>Bibliographie comment\u00e9e<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>AL- WASFY M.M.M. 2014.<\/strong> <strong>Yield and Fruit Quality of Zaghloul Date Palms In Relation to Using New Technique of Pollination. <\/strong>In: Stem Cell 2014;5(1):14-17]. <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><a title=\"Abstract. During 2011 and 2012 seasons, Zaghloul date palms were pollinated through traditional method or via pollen suspensions at various concentrations (1.0, 2.0, 4.0 or 6.0 g pollens\/I water) Pollens were mixed with 2 ml treacle + 2.0 g ascorbic acid + 1.0 g boric acid per each litre of water. Pollination was carried out throughout two days after female spathes cracking at the day time of afternoon by inserting ten fresh male strands \/ female spathe (traditional method) or with using the four investigated pollen suspensions. The study focused on the effect of this new technique of pollination on yield and fruit quality. Pollination with pollen suspensions containing 1.0 to 6.0 g pollens \/ litre of suspension caused a considerable promotion on the percentages of initial fruit setting and fruit retention %, yield, bunch weight as well as fruit weight and dimensions and flesh % in relative to pollination with traditional method. All chemical quality characters except total acidity% tended to reduce with carrying out pollination by pollen suspensions comparing with pollination by traditional; methods. In most cases, increasing concentration of pollens in the suspension from 4 to 6 g had no material effect on all the studied parameters. Carrying out pollination by spraying suspension of pollens containing 4.0 g pollens + 2 ml treacle + 2.0 g ascorbic acid + 1.0 g boric acid \/ 1 liter water through two day after female spathes cracking at the day time of afternoon was responsible for promoting yield and fruit quality of Zaghloul date palms. Therefore, the composting processes could be optimized by the application of the developed simulation model.\" href=\"http:\/\/www.sciencepub.net\/stem\/stem0501\/003_22912bstem050114_14_17.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">www.sciencepub.net<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>AL-WUSAIBAI ET ALII 2012. A comparative study between mechanical and manual pollination in two premier Saudi Arabian date palm<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>cultivars. <\/strong>In: Indian Journal of Science and Technology Vol. 5 No. 4 (Apr 2012). <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><a title=\"Abstract. The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia produces nearly a million tones of dates annually from an estimated 25 million palms.Date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) is a dioecious crop where male and female inflorescences are on separate palms.To ensure good fertilization and overcome disadvantages of dichogamy, enhance fruit set and sustain yield levels, each female inflorescence has to be artificially pollinated either manually which is time consuming and labour intensiveor mechanically using pollinating devices. We therefore carried out a comparative study to assess the yield and yield attributes between manual and mechanical pollination in two premier date palm cultivars of Saudi Arabia viz. Khalasand Sheshi. Results indicate that manually pollinated palms gave the best fruit set in both the cultivars. However, withregard to yield results were cultivar specific. In Khalas, yield levels were statistically at par for both manual andmechanical pollination ranging from 10.99 to 11.54 Kg per bunch, while mechanical pollination was significantlysuperior to manual pollination in the cultivar Sheshi, where pollen : flour ratio of 1:15 resulted in the best yield of 8.06Kg per bunch.\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ahsadatepalm-res.com\/upload\/ebook\/docs\/1427265329.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">www.ahsadatepalm-res.com<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>AWAD MA 2010.<\/strong> <strong>Pollination of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) cv. Khenazy by pollen grain-water suspension spray.<\/strong> In\u00a0: Journal of Food, Agriculture &amp; Environment Vol.8 (3&amp;4): 313-317. 2010. <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><a title=\"Abstract. Pollination and thinning are critical processes in the date palm production chain that affect fruit development, yield and quality and regulates tree yearly bearing. Developing a pollination technique that results in an acceptable level of fruit set with a minimum amount of pollen grains and without a further need for thinning is critically required especially under harsh conditions. During 2009 and 2010 seasons, the effect of pollen grain-water suspension spray at different concentrations on fruit set, yield and quality were examined on \u2018Khenazy\u2019 date palm cultivar. Fruit setting was significantly higher in the spray pollination than in the traditional pollination. Spray pollination at the concentration of 1.5 or 2.0 g\/l gave higher fruit setting than the application at 0.5 g\/l. Both of bunch weight and total yield per tree were significantly higher in spray than in traditional pollination. The Rutab percentage was not affected by the method of pollination. At both the Bisir and the Rutab stages, fruit and flesh weight were significantly higher in the traditional pollination than all other treatments, except for the spray pollination at 0.5 g\/l. However, seed weight was not affected by any of the pollination treatments. Fruit diameter was significantly higher in the traditional pollination than in spray pollination. Fruit length was significantly higher in the traditional pollination than in all other treatments, except for the spray pollination at 0.5 g\/l at both stages. TSS, acidity, vitamin C, total phenols and soluble tannins concentrations of fruit were not significantly affected by any of the pollination treatments at both the Bisir and the Rutab stages. The concentrations of TSS and acidity were higher at the Rutab than at the Bisir stage. However, the concentrations of vitamin C, total phenols and soluble tannins were greatly lower at the Rutab than at the Bisir stage. The time needed for spray pollination was about half of the time needed for traditional pollination. In addition, the amount of the pollen grain required for the spray pollination was less than the half of that needed for the hand pollination. This study showed the possibility to pollinate \u2018Khenazy\u2019 date palms by pollen grain-water suspension spray with optimum amount of pollen grains and without a further need for thinning in attempt to reduce labor and costs especially under hot arid conditions. However, more research work is required to justify the optimum concentration of grain-water suspension and the response of each date palm cultivar to this pollination technique.\" href=\"http:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/260293012_Pollination_of_date_palm_%28Phoenix_dactylifera_L.%29_cv._Khenazy_by_pollen_grain-water_suspension_spray\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">www.researchgate.net<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div>\u00a0<\/div>\n<p><strong>3. POLLEN<\/strong><\/p>\n<div><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 11px;\">Vid\u00e9o: Bodhaguru<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Science - Plants- Sexual Reproduction - Pollination, fertilization - English\" width=\"500\" height=\"375\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/mix5torjiYc?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div><span style=\"color: #008000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>\u00ab\u00a0Germination de grains de pollen et Histoire des sciences. <\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #008000;\">La reproduction sexu\u00e9e chez les plantes \u00e0 fleurs suppose le d\u00e9p\u00f4t de pollen d\u2019une fleur sur le stigmate du pistil d\u2019une fleur de la m\u00eame esp\u00e8ce. Cependant, la reproduction sexu\u00e9e suppose avant tout la f\u00e9condation : rencontre de cellules sexuelles m\u00e2les et femelles et fusion de leur noyau. Or, les ovules se trouvent au pied du pistil alors que le pollen se d\u00e9pose en son sommet. Comment la rencontre peut-elle donc s\u2019effectuer ? C\u2019est le fran\u00e7ais Samuel Morland (1625-1695) qui le premier posa la question. Il faudra attendre pr\u00e8s d\u2019un si\u00e8cle pour que Giovanni B. Amici de Florence (1786-1863), puis Adolphe Brongniart (1801-1876), montrent que le pollen trace un chemin jusqu\u2019au pied du pistil, par le biais du tube pollinique qui contient les cellules sexuelles m\u00e2les. C\u2019est \u00e0 Robert Brown (1773-1858) que l\u2019on doit en revanche les premi\u00e8res observations relatives au contact puis \u00e0 l\u2019entr\u00e9e du tube pollinique dans l\u2019ovule, et les premi\u00e8res observations sur les noyaux cellulaires. Cette premi\u00e8re est notamment due \u00e0 la qualit\u00e9 des lentilles des microscopes \u00e0 partir de 1830.\u00a0\u00bb<\/span> <\/strong><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\">[<a title=\"DELERCE M. 2010. Germination de grains de pollen et Histoire des sciences. Partie II - Reproduction sexu\u00e9e et maintien des esp\u00e8ces dans les milieux.\" href=\"http:\/\/www.clg-aubrac.ac-aix-marseille.fr\/spip\/spip.php?article559\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Delerce 2010<\/a>]<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div>\u00a0<\/div>\n<div><span style=\"color: #008000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>*<\/strong><strong>PROPRIETES PHYSICO-CHIMIQUES DES POLLENS <\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Pollen Germination by Shwetha Menon\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/kBlg4sI_VyM?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>\u00ab\u00a0<\/strong><strong>Le citoyen Delille, l&rsquo;un des savans qui ont accompagn\u00e9 Bonaparte dans son exp\u00e9dition d&rsquo;Egypte, me remit, en thermidor an 10, une certaine quantit\u00e9 de pollen, ou poussi\u00e8re f\u00e9condante du dattier, <em>ph\u0153nix dactylifera<\/em>. L.<\/strong> <strong>Cette poussi\u00e8re s&rsquo;\u00e9chappe des anth\u00e8res ou des petits sacs qui la renferment, si facilement et en si grande quantit\u00e9, qu&rsquo;on la prendroit de loin, au lever du soleil, pour une fum\u00e9e qui entoure les dattiers. Le citoyen Delille l&rsquo;avoit recueillie en faisant secouer des r\u00e9gimes de dattiers m\u00e2les dans une chambre entour\u00e9e de nappes sur lesquelles elle s&rsquo;attachoit. Il y en avoit une quantit\u00e9 suffisante (pr\u00e8s de 10 onces, 3 hectogrammes 10) pour en faire un examen chimique tr\u00e8s-\u00e9tendu; et c&rsquo;\u00e9toit la premi\u00e8re fois qu&rsquo;une pareille occasion \u00e9toit offerte \u00e0 la chimie moderne d&rsquo;analyser cette substance si int\u00e9ressante par ses propri\u00e9t\u00e9s.\u00a0\u00bb <\/strong><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\">[<a title=\"FOURCROY A.F. 1802. Recherches chimiques sur le pollen ou la poussi\u00e8re f\u00e9condante du dattier d\u2019Egypte Ph\u0153nix dactylifera. In: Annales Du Mus\u00e9um National d\u2019Histoire Naturelle. T.I. pp 417.\" href=\"http:\/\/books.google.fr\/books?id=IGk_AAAAcAAJ&amp;pg=PA417&amp;lpg=PA417&amp;dq=Recherches+chimiques+sur+le+Pollen+ou+la+poussiere+fecondante+du+Dattier&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=1PVViuAOtt&amp;sig=BGLFXIu1ChROfHtb-yDo2058AHw&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ei=N_VUVJ6iLsftaLTzgNAO&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Fourcroy 1802<\/a>]<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>Les recherches men\u00e9es depuis cette \u00e9poque portent principalement sur\u00a0:<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>*la composition des pollens de palmiers dattiers;<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>*leurs caract\u00e9ristiques morphologiques;<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>*l\u2019abondance de pollen;<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>*la germination des pollens;<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>*les hormones de r\u00e9gulation de croissance.<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div>\u00a0<\/div>\n<div><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>La bibliographie comment\u00e9e publi\u00e9e ci-dessous donne un acc\u00e8s direct en ligne \u00e0 quelques unes de ces \u00e9tudes.<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>ABBAS FA, ATEYA AM 2011.<\/strong> <strong>Estradiol, Esteriol, Estrone and Novel Flavonoids from Date Palm Pollen. <\/strong>In: Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 5(8): 606-614, 2011. <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><a title=\"Abstract. Column chromatography of the Egyptian date palm pollen, resulted in the isolation of estradiol, estrone among ten compounds from the hexane fraction. Also, besides rutin, additional four flavonoids from the ethyl acetate extract were isolated. HPLC analysis of the hexane fraction (using RF- BDS C 18 \u2013 isocratic acetonitrile \/water 58:42) revealed the presence of estrone, estradiol and estriol compared with R t of reference standards. The Antioxidant activity by the DPPH method indicated that the ethyl acetate fraction possess a relatively strong antioxidant against DPPH radicals with value (SC 50 $ 16.51 \u00b5g \/ ml ).\" href=\"http:\/\/www.insipub.com\/ajbas\/2011\/August-2011\/606-614.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">www.insipub.com<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>BENABDALLA A., LEPOIVRE P. 2000. Production de fruits et embryons diploiques par traitement \u00e0 l&rsquo;acide gibb\u00e9rellique des inflorescences femelles non pollinis\u00e9es chez le palmier dattier (Ph\u0153nix dactylifera L.). <\/strong><\/span><\/span><a title=\"Abstract. L\u2019acide gibb\u00e9rellique (A G ) est une hormone agissant sur la croissance et le d\u00e9veloppement des plantes, dont les applications agronomiques sont tr\u00e8s nombreuses et diversifi\u00e9es. En mati\u00e8re de floraison et de fructification, l \u2019A G compense les besoins en froid ou en photop\u00e9riode et provoque la floraison chez de nombreuses esp\u00e8ces v\u00e9g\u00e9tales plac\u00e9es en conditions de non-induction florale. Appliqu\u00e9 au moment de la floraison en conditions de pollinisation naturelle, l\u2019A G am\u00e9liore la nouaison et la fructification chez plusieurs esp\u00e8ces fruiti\u00e8res comme le poirier, le pommier ou les Citrus. Chez le pommier, l\u2019utilisation de A G permet de compenser une mauvaise pollinisation en stimulant la formation de fruits parth\u00e9nocarpiques. Chez le palmier dattier, l\u2019application d\u2019A G sur les inflorescences femelles au moment de l\u2019\u00e9clatement des spathes ou du d\u00e9veloppement des fruits am\u00e9liore les taux de nouaison et de fructification et augmente le poids des fruits. On observe chez les dattes ainsi form\u00e9es une diminution de la concentration en sucre et un retard de maturation. Avec l\u2019objectif d\u2019une application \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9chelle agronomique de 1 A G 3 en ph\u0153niciculture, le pr\u00e9sent travail vise \u00e0 d\u00e9terminer l\u2019action de ce r\u00e9gulateur de croissance sur la fructification et la qualit\u00e9 du fruit en conditions contr\u00f4l\u00e9es de pollinisation.\" href=\"http:\/\/orbi.ulg.ac.be\/bitstream\/2268\/26265\/1\/N%C2%B0110 -Ben Abdallah 2000.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\">orbi.ulg.ac.be<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>ISMAIL O.M. 2014.<\/strong> <strong>In Vitro Germination of Date Palm Pollen Grains affected by Different Sugar Types.<\/strong> In: RJPBCS 5(1). Pp. 880sq. <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><a title=\"Abstract. This study clarified the effect of the sugar types on in vitro germination of some date palm cultivars. Three date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) pollen grains cultivars (\u2018Barhee\u2019, \u2018Amhat\u2019 and \u2018Hayani\u2019) germinated in vitro on growth media were contained five types of sugars (fructose, glucose, lactose, maltose and sucrose). The results cleared that, the favorite sugar type of pollen germination (PG) medium of \u2018Hayani\u2019 and \u2018Amhat\u2019 was lactose medium 52.16% and 29.71 % respectively while \u2018Barhee\u2019 was sucrose medium 47.52%. The pollen germination of the sugar type was the highest mean on lactose 36.65 %, sucrose 35.83% and maltose media 33.87% insignificantly differences. The mean of pollen tube length ranged from 70.70 to 250.8 \u00b5m, on glucose and sucrose media respectively. Pollen tube length of \u2018Hayani\u2019 was higher than \u2018Barhee\u2019 and \u2018Amhat\u2019 177.7, 151.8 and 151.2 \u00b5m, respectively, whereas PG% and Pollen tube length were the lowest on glucose media of all three cultivars. In vitro Pollen germination percentage and pollen growth were affected by the sugar type and the different cultivars. Keywords: Phoenix dactylifera L., in vitro Pollen germination, sugar types and pollen tube growth.\" href=\"http:\/\/www.rjpbcs.com\/pdf\/2014_5%281%29\/%5B96%5D.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">www.rjpbcs.com<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>KAVAND A, SHURAKI Y D, EBADI A, ABDOSI V 2014. <\/strong><strong>Optimizing culture medium for in vitro germination of date palm ( Phoenix dactylifera L.) pollen.<\/strong> In: European Journal of Experimental Biology, 2014, 4(3 ): 665-669. <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><a title=\"Abstract. Medium composition is a major factor affecting in vitro germination of pollen. This experiment was conducted to determine the best culture medium composition and time of pollen germination in two male palm pollinizers derived from sexual propagation of cultivars, Shahani Jahrom and Zahedi. We tested various combinations of calcium nitrate (100, 150 and 200 mg L -1 ), potassium nitrate (100 and 150 mg L -1 ) with sucrose (10%), magnesium sulphate (200 mg L -1 ), boric acid (50 mg L -1 ) and agar (1% w\/v) on the basis of Brewbaker and Kwack's medium. After culture, the pollen cultures are incubated for up to 30 h at 28 \u00b0 C. At 12, 18, 24 and 30 h after culture initiation, the number of germinated pollens were recorded. The maximum pollen germination of Zahedi pollinaizer (71.8 2%), was shown in SBMC2K2 medium (10% sucrose, 50 mg L -1 boric acid, 200 mg L -1 magnesium sulfate, 150 mg L -1 calcium nitrate and 150 mg L -1 potassium nitrate) 30 h after incubation. Although this medium was suitable for cv. Shahani Jahrom pollinizer, it showed that the highe pollen germination in SBMC2K1 medium (10% sucros e, 50 mg L -1 boric acid, 200 mg L -1 magnesium sulfate, 200 mg L -1 calcium nitrate and 150 mg L -1 potassium nitrate). So a variety of media with germination rate higher than 80% could be used for this cultivar. As results we can say that, Shahani Jahrom pollinizer is not so sensitive to calcium nitrate and potassium nitrate concentrations. Finally each pollinizer needs special medium for pollen germination.\" href=\"http:\/\/pelagiaresearchlibrary.com\/european-journal-of-experimental-biology\/vol4-iss3\/EJEB-2014-4-3-665-669.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">pelagiaresearchlibrary.com<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>MORTAZAVI S.M.H. 2010. Optimizing Storage and In vitro Germination of Date Palm<\/strong>. In: J. Agr. Sci. Tech. (2010) Vol. 12: 181-189. <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><a title=\"Abstract. Iran is one of the main date (Phoenix dactylifera) producing countries in the world. however, little information is available on the pollen viability and favorable storage conditions of Iranian male date cultivars. This study was conducted to estimate the best in vitro pollen germination of three male date palm cultivars, &#96;Ghanami\u2019, &#96;Samsmavi\u2019 and &#96;Gheibani\u2019 using various doses of boric acid (0, 50, 100 and 200 mg L-1), calcium nitrate (0, 200 and 300 mg L-1) and sucrose (15% and 25% (w\/v)) in a Modified Brebaker and Kwack (MBK) medium. The results showed that the best germination was achieved with 50 mg L-1 boric acid, 200 mg L-1 calcium nitrate and 15% (w\/v) sucrose. Once the optimal in vitro germination medium had been established, pollen viability (% germination) of these three cultivars stored for up to 200 days at room temperature (dark and light), in a refrigerator (4\u02daC), freezer (-20\u02daC) and in liquid nitrogen (-196\u02daC) was compared. For all the tested cultivars, germination declined as storage temperature increased and, by 200 days, the highest survival rate was obtained with cryostored pollen. Long-term storage of date pollen using an ultra-low temperature (-196\u02daC) can be used without any deteriorating effect on pollen viability, while room temperature storage significantly reduced pollen germination.\" href=\"http:\/\/rms.scu.ac.ir\/Files\/Articles\/Journals\/Abstract\/Optimizing%20Storage%20and%20In%20vitro%20Germination%20of%20Date%20Palm%20%28Phoenix%20dactylifera%29%20Pollen%5b1%5d.pdf201012811355328.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">rms.scu.ac.ir<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>TAHA HS, NASR A, SHAHEEN MA, BACHA MA 1986.<\/strong> <strong>Evaluation of date palms males used in pollination in the central region, Saudi Arab. <\/strong>In: Department of Plant Production, College of Agriculture, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. <\/span><\/span><a title=\"ABSTRACT Male palms used in pollination of date palms in the Central Region of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, were evaluated. The objective was to select highly potent male palms to raise standard male varieties. This evaluation involved about 600 males located in 209 date palm orchards in the different sects of the Central region. Evaluation involved time of flowering, spathe characteristics (weight, length and width), strand characteristics (number, length and number of flowers\/strands), and weight of pollen grains\/spathe. The time of flowering differed from one male to another, and they also differed in both spathe and strand characteristics. The amount of pollen grains produced\/spathe varied from one male to another, i.e. from 0.02-82.29 g\/spathe. In view of the above results, selection of males was based on the amount of pollen grains produced per spathe together with some other characteristics inclUding weight and size of the spathes, number of strands per spathe and number of flowers per strand.\" href=\"http:\/\/faculty.ksu.edu.sa\/10439\/Documents\/Date%20Plam%20Unit\/Full%20%20%20EVALUATION%20OF%20DATE%20PALM%20MALES%20USED%20IN%20POLLI%C2%B7.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\">faculty.ksu.edu.sa<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>SOLIMAN SS, AL-OBEED RS 2013.<\/strong> <strong>Investigations on the pollen morphology of some date palm males (phoenix dactylifera L.).<\/strong> In: AJCS 7(9):1355-1360 (2013). <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><a title=\"Abstract. Pollen grains of eleven date palm males (phoenix dactylifera L.) were examined and photographed, using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) to find morphological difference between males. Scanning electron analysis of pollen grains revealed specific variation in some morphological properties. Pollen grains from all males were monad, elliptical, and fusiform. Exine pattern of pollen grains was reticulate and irregular. The pollen grains were also different in shape, size, pollen weight, germination percentage, length, width and number of pores. The Serry cultivar followed by Succary (males) showed the highest pollen grains weight compared with the other date palm males in the two seasons. The Safry cultivar followed by Succary male showed significantly higher germination percentage and dimensions of pollen grains compared to other date palm males in both seasons. Date palm males Sallag, Khalas and Kadary had little number of pores. The date palm cultivars Dikhiny, Nabout-Zamel, Schagra and Maktumi males possessed a medium number of pores and date palm males Succary, Menify, Serry and Safry high number of pores. A comparison between shape, pores frequency and exine patterns of pollen grains proved significant variation among studied palm males. Study of pollen morphological traits can help identification of date palm males.\" href=\"http:\/\/www.cropj.com\/soliman_7_9_2013_1355_1360.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">www.cropj.com<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>WODEHOUSE RP 1928. The phylogenetic value of pollen-grain characters. <\/strong>In: Annals of Botany, vol XLII, n\u00b0CLXVIII, october 1928. <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><a title=\"Introduction. The extent to which pollen-grain characters are indicative of relationships among plants is of importance, since pollen-grains are single cells and spores. Spore characters in the lower groups of plants have been found to have high diagnostic value. The characters of pollen-grains consist, for the most part, in the size and shape of the grain, the number and arrangement of the germinal apertures, and the sculpturings of the exine, such as spines and other protub\u00e9rances, and r\u00eedges or crests, which in some groups are extremely well developed, assuming complicated patterns of diagnostic value and sometimes even sp\u00e9cifi\u00e9 in occurrence.\" href=\"http:\/\/aob.oxfordjournals.org\/content\/os-42\/4\/891.extract\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">aob.oxfordjournals.org<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div>\u00a0<\/div>\n<div><span style=\"color: #008000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>* EFFETS METAXENIQUES DES POLLENS<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>Vid\u00e9o: <\/strong><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>Kattipparuthi Rasheed<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Date Palm Pollination\" width=\"500\" height=\"375\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/ZfSWZrazzlQ?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>\u00ab\u00a0<\/strong><strong>Les \u00e9tudes portant sur les effets des pollens sur le d\u00e9veloppement et la maturation des dattes remontent au d\u00e9but du XX\u00b0 si\u00e8cle. La m\u00e9tax\u00e9nie est l&rsquo;effet direct ou l&rsquo;influence d&rsquo;un pollen sur le d\u00e9veloppement de la graine et des tissus de la datte, mais aussi sur la rapidit\u00e9 de croissance et le temps de maturation du fruit. Cet effet m\u00e9tax\u00e9nique se manifeste en particulier sur :<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>&#8211; la couleur de la datte ;<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>&#8211; la grosseur de la datte ;<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>&#8211; la forme de la datte ;<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>&#8211; la taille de la graine ;<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>&#8211; la pr\u00e9cocit\u00e9 ou le retard de maturation.<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Certains caract\u00e8res pr\u00e9sentent un int\u00e9r\u00eat agronomique. Notamment, si un pollen a la capacit\u00e9 de r\u00e9duire la taille des graines en maintenant la grosseur du fruit, le rapport de la chair sur la graine n&rsquo;en est que plus satisfaisant. Ou encore, si un pollen est capable d&rsquo;induire un cycle de croissance plus rapide, la maturation se produit plus t\u00f4t en saison et r\u00e9duit ainsi les risques de pertes dues aux conditions climatiques d&rsquo;automne. Outre la qualit\u00e9 des pollens, est aussi concern\u00e9e la compatibilit\u00e9 entre les individus males et femelles.\u00a0\u00bb<\/span> <\/strong><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\">[<a title=\"PEYRON G. 2000. Cultiver le palmier-dattier. Guide illustr\u00e9 de formation. In: GRIDAO \/ CIRAD.\" href=\"https:\/\/books.google.fr\/books?id=YvO7Xve6ByMC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;hl=fr&amp;source=gbs_ge_summary_r&amp;cad=0#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Peyron 2000<\/a>]<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div>\u00a0<\/div>\n<div><span style=\"color: #008000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>Bibliographie comment\u00e9e<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>ABBAS MF, ABDULWAHID AH, ABASS KI 2012.<\/strong> <strong>Effect of pollen parent on certain aspects of fruit development of Hillawi date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) in relation to levels of endogenous gibberellins.<\/strong> In: AAB Bioflux, 2012, Volume 4, Issue 2. <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><a title=\"Abstract. The effect of two pollen parents (Khikri Adi and Ghannami Akhdar) on certain fruit characteristics of Hillawi date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) was investigated in relation to changes in levels of endogenous gibberellins during fruit development. The results showed that, the pollen parent Khikri Adi caused a highly significant increase in fruit size, fresh weight of the whole fruit, pulp and seed in comparison with fruit produced by the pollen parent Ghannami Akhdar. The pollen parent had a significant effect on the levels of free gibberellins, with fruits produced by the pollen Khikri having the highest level, as compared with fruit produced by the pollen Ghannami Akhdar. The levels of endogenous gibberellins were low at fruit set (5-7 weeks from pollination) but rose to a peak value during maximum fruit growth rate (9-11 week from pollination) and then declined as the fruit an advanced toward the stage of physiological maturity.\" href=\"http:\/\/www.aab.bioflux.com.ro\/2012.42-47.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">www.aab.bioflux.com.ro<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>ABBAS MF, ABDUL-WAHID AH., ABASS KI. 2014.<\/strong> <strong>Metaxenic effect in date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) fruit in relation to level of endogenous auxins.<\/strong> In: AAB Bioflux, 2014, Volume 6, Issue 1. <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><a title=\"Abstract. The metaxenic effect in date palm fruit cv. Hillawi induced by pollinating with two types of pollen, namely Ghannami Akdhar and Khiri Adi, was investigated in relation to changes in the concentration of free IAA during fruit development. The results showed that the pollen type had a significant effect on the concentration of free IAA, with fruits produced by the Khikri Adi pollen having the highest concentration as compared to fruits produced by the Ghannami Akdhar pollen. The results also showed that the pollen type Khikri caused a significant increase in fruit size, fresh weight of the whole fruit, pulp and seed in comparison with fruits produced by the Ghannami Akhdar pollen.\" href=\"http:\/\/www.aab.bioflux.com.ro\/docs\/2014.40-44.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">www.aab.bioflux.com.ro<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>AL-MUHTASEB JA, GHNAIM HD 2006. <\/strong><strong>Effect of Pollen Source on Yield, Quality and Maturity of \u201cBarhi\u201d Date Palm. <\/strong>In: Jordan Journal of Agricultural Sciences, Volume 2, No.2, 2006. <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><a title=\"ABSTRACT To study the effects of pollen grain source on yield, maturity and fruit quality of \u201cBarhi\u201d date palm cultivar, three local and three commercial male trees were used in the 2002 season. Results indicated that pollinating trees with \u201cAqaba\u201d male gave the least fruit set while those pollinated with \u201cBoyer\u201d and \u201cDayyat1\u201d gave the highest set. In addition, the highest fruit weight recorded when trees were pollinated with \u201cMejhool\u201d and \u201cAqaba\u201d males; however, the least weight was with those pollinated with \u201cBoyer\u201d. The highest flesh weight % was for trees pollinated with \u201cAqaba\u201d and \u201cBarakah\u201d while those pollinated with \u201cBoyer\u201d gave the least flesh %. Also, pollinating trees with \u201cBarakah\u201d hastened maturity of \u201cBarhi\u201d while pollinating trees with \u201cAqaba\u201d delayed it. However, no effect was observed of pollen source on productivity of \u201cBarhi\u201d date palm.\" href=\"https:\/\/journals.ju.edu.jo\/JJAS\/article\/viewFile\/1262\/1253\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">journals.ju.edu.jo<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>AL-KHALIFAH N.S. 2006. Metaxenia. <\/strong><strong>Influence of Pollen on the Maternal Tissue Of Fruits of Two Cultivars of Date Palm (Phoenix Dactylifera L.).<\/strong> In: Bangladesh J. Bot.35(2): 151-161, 2006 (December). <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><a title=\"Abstract. The effect of five pollen samples of date palm ( Phoenix dactylifera L.) on the maternal tissues of fruits in two cultivars, namely \u2018Barhy' and 'Nabtet-Saif' were evaluated. Significant variations in percentage of abnormal fruit setting, fruit size, shape, fruit-weight, seed-weight, percentage of pericarp and fruit ripening time were observed. In the female cultivar 'Barhy' the 'Kacst' pollen reduced the formation of abnormal fruits to a significantly lower level while in 'Nabtet-Saif' the 'Fouzan' pollen controlled the abnormal fruit setting to a certain level. With 'Heet' pollen both 'Barhy' and 'Nabtet-Saif produced smaller fruits while 'Fouzan' and 'Muzahmiya' pollen grains resulted in the production of bigger fruits in 'Barhy'. In 'Nabtet-Saif' better results were obtained with 'Dilim' pollen. In 'Barhy' lower seed-weight was produced by 'Dilim' pollen and in 'Nabtet-Saif' by 'Heet' pollen. But in both the cultivars higher seed-weight was produced by 'Fouzan' pollen. All strains of pollens used in this study had greatly influenced the stages of maturity. The 'Heet' pollen promoted early maturity of fruits in both cultivars, but 'Dilim' pollen delayed maturity in 'Barhy' female and 'Muzahmiya' pollen delayed ripening in 'Nabtet-Saif'. The genetic variations in the pollen grains can serve as the basis for selection of males to improve yields, fruit quality and alter fruit ripening time depending on the market demand\" href=\"http:\/\/www.dhakai.com\/botany\/journal-december2006\/articles\/08.%20Nasir%20Al-Khalifa.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">www.dhakai.com<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>ASHOUR NE, HASSAN HSA, MOSTAFA EAM 2008.<\/strong> <strong>Effect of Some Pollen Carriers on Yield and Fruit Quality of Zaghloul and Samani Date Palm Cultivars.<\/strong> In: American-Eurasian J. Agric. &amp; Environ. Sci., 4 (3): 391-396, 2008. <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><a title=\"Abstract: This study was carried out during two successive seasons (2006 and 2007) on Zaghloul and Samani date palm cultivars grown at EL- Mansouria, Giza governorate, Egypt. A spraying trail was conducted using pollen grains at 2g\/L mixed with gibberellic acid (GA ) at 10, 20 and 30ppm or with sucrose solution at 5, 10 and 3 20% as activating media as well as traditional pollination as control plants. All spraying treatments improved yield, retained fruits and both fruit physical and chemicals characteristics i.e. Fruit weight, volume, dimensions, TSS %, reducing sugars, non- reducing sugars and total sugars contents compared with the control. On the other hand, total acidity % was not affected by different treatments. The promising effect was attributed to using pollen grains at 2g\/L + GA at 20 ppm. In addition, pollen grains at 2g\/L +Sucrose solution at 10% gained 3 also good results. From these results, the possibility of using 2g\/L pollen grains in combination with GA or 3 sucrose solution as carrier of Zaghloul and Samani date palm was raised. Such practice gave satisfactory promotion on the yield and gave the best results with regard to fruit quality rather than the traditional pollination method (control). These results were beneficial when the amount of pollen grains is not sufficient to accomplish pollination efficiency.\" href=\"http:\/\/www.idosi.org\/aejaes\/jaes4%283%29\/18.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">www.idosi.org<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>BACCHA et alii 2000.<\/strong> <strong>Compatibility Relationships in Some Date Palm Cultivars (Phoenix dactylifera L.).<\/strong> In: J. King Saud Univ., Vol. 12, Agric. Sci. (2), pp. 81-95, Riyadh (1420\/2000). <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><a title=\"Abstract. Crosses and reciprocal crosses were carried out between females and males of four date palm cultivars namely, Nebut Seif, Seleg, Succary and Barhi. The degrees of compatibility and incompatibility were determined. Pollen viability ranged from 86-100% by using acetocarmine method, while it ranged from 43-79% by germination method. Nebut Seif female produced lower fruit set percentage with self pollination, while Seleg, Succary and Barhi females gave different values of fruit set percentages when self pollinated. Four female palms under study produced the highest fruit setting when pollinated with Barhi pollens. These indicates the existence of partially self incompatibility and high degree of compatibility with Barhi males. Nebut Seif and Succary female cvs., have more unfertilized flowers in all pollination treatments in the first season than that in the other female palms. The maximum fruit drop occurred in June and still constant till theharvesting. Data showed that the percentages of ripening fruits, bunch weight and seed weight varied in thefour date palm cultivars considerably according to the type of pollen used. Seed germination percentagesincreased markedly in Nebut Seif, Seleg and Barhi female cvs. when pollinated with Seleg pollens.Furthermore, the effect of self- and cross- pollination within or between four cultivars on physical and chemical properties of fruits were discussed.\" href=\"http:\/\/repository.ksu.edu.sa\/jspui\/bitstream\/123456789\/5478\/3\/Compatibility%20Relationships%20in%20Some%20Date%20Palm%20Cultivars%20%28Phoenix%20dactylifera%20L.%29.PDF\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">repository.ksu.edu.sa<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>BEN-ABDALLAH 1990. La phoeniciculture.<\/strong> In: Options M\u00e9diterran\u00e9ennes, S\u00e9r. A \/ n\u00b011, 1990 &#8211; Les syst\u00e8mes agricoles oasiens. <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><a title=\"Extraits. En Tunisie, 203 palmiers m\u00e2les en collection \u00e0 Tozeur sont \u00e9tudi\u00e9s en vue de rechercher : * une haute valeur pollinisatrice mat\u00e9rialis\u00e9e par un bon pouvoir germinatif, * une abondante production de pollen, * l'avance de la maturit\u00e9 par effet m\u00e9tax\u00e9nique, * la pr\u00e9cocit\u00e9 ou la tardivet\u00e9 de floraison des palmiers m\u00e2les. Les premiers r\u00e9sultats obtenus montrent : * qu'il existe des clones m\u00e2les particuli\u00e8rement productifs &lt;le poids du pollen produit par pollinisateur varie de 44,5 g \u00e0 470 g) ; * que certains sont plus pr\u00e9coces que d\u2019autres.\" href=\"http:\/\/om.ciheam.org\/om\/pdf\/a11\/CI901488.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">om.ciheam.org<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>FARAG KM, ELSABAGH AS, ELASHRY HA 2012.<\/strong> <strong>Fruit Characteristics of Zaghloul Date Palm in Relation to Metaxenic Influences of Used Pollinator.<\/strong> In: American-Eurasian J. Agric. &amp; Environ. Sci., 12 (7): 842-855, 2012. <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><a title=\"Abstract: Field experiment of this investigation was carried out on date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) Zaghloul cultivar growing in Edco district, El-Behera Governorate, Egypt during the two successive seasons 2007 and 2008. Two previously studied pollinators were used in this study, named here (A) and (B). The experiment was designed as randomized complete blocks with four replicates (each spathe as one replicate) in addition to the control (non-pollinated spathe). Furthermore, Physical and chemical characteristics of the pollinated fruits and non-pollinated ones were assessed. Regardless the time, results proved that pollinator (A) caused a significant increase in fruit weight, flesh weight, rag weight, fruit size, total soluble solids, reducing and non-reducing sugars, anthocyanin, vitamin C content, crude fibers content and a significant decrease in chlorophyll a, b contents as compared with pollinator (B). Meanwhile, pollinated spathes had remarkably greater fruit weight, flesh weight, rag weight, fruit size, total, reducing and non-reducing sugars, anthocyanin content, vitamin C and higher crude fibers content as compared with the non-pollinated spathes. As the fruit progressed from the kimri to the khalal stage, there was a continuously significant increase in fruit weight, flesh weight, rag weight, fruit size, TSS, total sugars, reducing, non-reducing sugars and crude fibers from one sampling date to another until harvest. Non-pollinated spathes had significantly greater tannin contents, higher acidity and higher chlorophyll a, b contents in their fruits as compared with those on pollinated spathes. However, either pollinator (A) or (B) did not make a significant difference in tannins and acidity content of fruits on pollinated spathes. The time factor data indicated that there was a significant decrease in tannin content, titratable acidity and chlorophyll a, b contents in the fruit until the period preceding maturity (after 186 days of pollination).The time factor data indicated that there were different trends for both vitamin C and anthocyanin increments between the two seasons since in the first one, vitamin C and anthocyanin ceased to increase after 174 and 186 days of pollination, respectively, while in the second season, this vitamin and anthocyanin continued to increase in a significant manner until harvest. In conclusion pollinators have their metazenic effects especially on fruit weight, size and flesh weight and pollinator (A) was superior to pollinator (B) in this regard.\" href=\"http:\/\/idosi.org\/aejaes\/jaes12(7)12\/2.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">idosi.org<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>IQBAL M, KHAN MQ, MUNIR M, REHMAN SU, REHMAN HU, NIAMATULLAH M 2010.<\/strong> <strong>Effect Of Different Pollination Techniques On Fruit Set, Pomological Characters And Yield Of Dhakki Date Palm (Phoenix Dactylifera L) In Dera Ismail Khan, Kp. <\/strong>In: Sarhad J. Agric. Vol. 26, No. 4, 2010. <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><a title=\"ABSTRACT The experiment was designed to compare the effectiveness of different pollination techniques i.e. natural as well as artificial methods and their response to fruit setting percentage, yield and yield contributing traits of Dhakki date at Gomal University Date Palm Research Orchard during the fruit season 2001 and 2002. The treatments including dusting of pollens, placement of male spath, liquid spraying of pollens as well as natural process of pollination (control) were carried out on female flowers. Results revealed that different pollination techniques had significantly affected the fruit setting and other quality parameters. Moreover, the highest fruit set of 89.3% and 88.9% were recorded in the placement method and while the lowest fruit set (21.1 and 41.2%) was observed in the control in both years. In addition to fruit set, consistent results were revealed by placement method in respect of fruit weight, length, pulp, seed weight and bunch weight (kg tree -1 ). It was concluded that placement method was found instrumental one for improving yield and quality in Dhakki date palm under the agro-climatic conditions of Dera Ismail Khan.\" href=\"http:\/\/www.aup.edu.pk\/sj_pdf\/EFFECT%20OF%20DIFFERENT%20POLLINATION%20TECHNIQUES%20ON%20FRUIT%20SET.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">www.aup.edu.pk<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>OMAR A E K, AL-OBEED R S, AHMED M A E 2014. <\/strong><strong>Metaxenic effects as related to male palm (Phoenix dactylifera and Phoenix canariensis), yield and quality of Khalas fruit.<\/strong> In: Journal of Food, Agriculture &amp; Environment Vol.12 (2): 523-525. 2014. <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><a title=\"Abstract. In order to get satisfactory fruit set, yield and fruit quality, different sources of pollen are required, palm growers said. D irect effect of pollens on date\u2019s quality was reported in many studies 5, 18, 21 . This study was carried out in two successive seasons (2011 and 2012) on six female date palms, cv. Khalas ( Phoenix dactylifera L.), grown in the Agricultural Experimental and Research Station-Dirab, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. On each female palm (10 inflorescences\/female), five inflorescences of the same age and almost equal in size were labelled and hand pollinated from Phoenix dactylifera , by placing male pollen strands (8 strands) within each female inflorescence. The other five female inflorescences (same age and almost equal in size) were hand pollinated from Phoenix canariensis by placing the same number of male. Results showed that bunches pollinated by pollen from Phoenix canariensis recorded the highest values in most parameters of \u2018Khalas\u2019 fruit quality. In addition, fruit were ripening two weeks earlier. On the other hand, bunches pollinated by pollen from Phoenix dactylifera palm recorded the highest fruit set, seed weight, acidity and fruit moisture content. This variation in results can help in male selection, and may prese nt the importance of Phoenix canariensis as pollinator to improve yield, fruit quality and early fruit ripening.\" href=\"http:\/\/world-food.net\/download\/journals\/2014-issue_2\/2014-issue_2-agriculture\/a48.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">world-food.net<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>OMAR AEK, EL-ABD AEA 2014. <\/strong><strong>Enhancing Date Palm (Phoenix dactylifera, L.) Productivity, Ripening and Fruit Quality Using Selected Male Palms.<\/strong> In: Acta Advances in Agricultural Sciences. Volume 2 (2014), Issue 6, 11-19. <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><a title=\"Abstract. Egypt is one of the largest producers of dates with a total annual production estimated at 1.4 million tons. The effect of male pollinizers on fruit set; bunch weight and fruit physical and chemical characteristics was studied at a private orchard, located in kafr El-Sheikh Governorate, Egypt during 2012 and 2013 seasons. Fruit set, fruit weight, flesh weight, and bunch weight.were affected by the source of pollen, while fruit dimensions were not affected. Fruit set improved by 28.30% with pollen of male 1 (Meghal 1), whereas pollen of male 2 (Meghal 2) improved fruit set by 25.50%. Maximum weight of bunch, fruit and flesh were 20.50kg, 25.70g and 23.45g, respectively when bunches were pollinated with pollens of male (2). Using same pollens also resulted in maximum soluble solids content (SSC), vitamin C, total and reducing sugars were 32.89%; 7.75 mg\/100g flesh weight, 28.51% and 20.01%, respectively; in addition to a reduction in fruit firmness and tannin content. Moreover, fruit reaches ripening stage twenty days earlier than bunches pollinated with pollens of male.\" href=\"http:\/\/www.aaasjournal.com\/files\/Articles\/v02-i06\/AAAS_2014_%2030010919.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">www.aaasjournal.com<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>OMAR AEK, AL-OBEED RS, SOLIMAN S, AL-SAIF AM 2014. Effect of pollen source and area distribution on yield and fruit quality of &lsquo;Khalas&rsquo; date palm (Phoenix dactylifera, L.) under Saudi Arabia conditions.<\/strong> In: Acta Advances in Agricultural Sciences. Volume 2 (2014), Issue 3, 7-13. <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><a title=\"Abstract. Khalas' date palm trees are known in the production of the main date varieties grown in Saudi Arabia. The influence of pollens (introduced from these two locations) on yield and fruit quality of \u201cKhalas\u201d dates was estimated in the experiment conducted from 2012 to 2013. Twelve \u2018Khalas\u2019 female trees were grown and selected in two locations (L 1; the Agricultural Experimental and Research Station-Deyrab, Faculty of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh and L 2; a private orchard, Al-Ahsaa district -West Riyadh). Results indicated that pollen source significantly affected the fruit set percentage as maximum fruit set (57.57%) was observed from trees pollinated with M 1 (Rayidh male). Bunch weight, fruit weight, flesh weight and fruit volume were significantly improved with pollens from M 1 palm trees compared to the other male tree (M 2 ). Bunches pollenated from M 1 recorded the highest values in most physical characters. There were non-significant effects between the two locations of female tree in fruit set, yield component and fruit quality. Interaction effect (M 1 \u00d7 L 2 ) recorded the highest fruit set; bunch weight and most physical and chemical characters in both seasons. Moreover, bunches were pollinated by M 1 either in L 1 or L 2 earlier ripening 22 - 24 days than other bunches pollinated with M 2 . This study recommends that the best pollen source (Male tree) should be selected from different locations in order to get the most desired fruit quality characteristics in Khalas date palm.\" href=\"http:\/\/aaasjournal.com\/files\/Articles\/v02-i03\/AAAS_2014_95503809.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">aaasjournal.com<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>SHAFIQUE M, KHAN AS, MALIK AU, SHAHID M, RAJWANA AQ, SALEEM BA, AMIN M, AHMAD I 2011. Influence Of Pollen Source And Pollination Frequency On Fruit Drop, Yield And Quality of date Palm (Phoenix Dactylifera L.) Cv. <\/strong><strong>Dhakki.<\/strong> In\u00a0: Pak. J. Bot., 43(2): 831-839, 2011. <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><a title=\"Abstract The study was undertaken to determine the influence of pollen sources and pollination frequency on fruit drop, yield and quality of date palm cv. \u2018Dhakki\u2019. Three \u2018Dhakki\u2019 female trees and three different male trees (M-1, M-2 and M-3) were selected for the experiment. On each female tree six spathes were chosen and were pollinated with pollens collected from one of the selected male parent. Out of six, three spathes were pollinated once and other three were pollinated twice (second pollination was done two days after first pollination). Data were collected for physico-chemical characteristics of the fruit including fruit drop, fruit weight, flesh weight, seed weight, total soluble solids (TSS), titratable acidity (TA), TSS: TA ratio, sugars, level of ascorbic acid and total phenols. The results indicated that pollen source significantly affected the fruit drop percentage as minimum fruit drop was observed from the tree pollinated with M-3. Physical properties of the fruit like fruit weight, flesh weight and seed weight were significantly improved with pollination from M-1 compared to other male trees. After harvest chemical quality parameters like TSS and TSS: TA ratio, ascorbic acid contents, and reducing sugars were highest in fruit pollinated with M-3 and M-2 respectively. Whereas lowest level of TA was recorded in fruits pollinated with M-3. Pollen source and number of pollinations did not significantly affect the level of total phenols in the date palm fruit. Total and non-reducing sugars were significantly higher in the fruit pollinated twice. In conclusion, the pollen source had significant impact on the physico- chemical properties of date palm cv. \u2018Dhakki\u2019. The results suggested that best pollen source (male trees) should be selected for their respective female trees to get most desired characteristics.\" href=\"http:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/profile\/Aman_Malik\/publication\/256088999_INFLUENCE_OF_POLLEN_SOURCE_AND_POLLINATION_FREQUENCY_ON_FRUIT_DROP_YIELD_AND_QUALITY_OF_DATE_PALM_%28PHOENIX_DACTYLIFERA_L.%29_CV._DHAKKI\/links\/00b7d5219bee5a3aa6000000\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">www.researchgate.net<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>TAHA HS, NASR A, SHAHEEN MA, BACHA MA 1986.<\/strong> <strong>Evaluation of date palms males used in pollination in the central region, Saudi Arabia.<\/strong> In: Second Symposium On Date Palm. <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><a title=\"ABSTRACT Male palms used in pollination of date palms in the Central Region of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, were evaluated. The objective was to select highly potent male palms to raise standard male varieties. This evaluation involved about 600 males located in 209 date palm orchards in the different sects of the Central region. Evaluation involved time of flowering, spathe characteristics (weight, length and width), strand characteristics (number, length and number of flowers\/strands), and weight of pollen grains\/spathe. The time of flowering differed from one male to another, and they also differed in both spathe and strand characteristics. The amount of pollen grains produced\/spathe varied from one male to another, i.e. from 0.02-82.29 g\/spathe. In view of the above results, selection of males was based on the amount of pollen grains produced per spathe together with some other characteristics inclUding weight and size of the spathes, number of strands per spathe and number of flowers per strand.\" href=\"http:\/\/faculty.ksu.edu.sa\/10439\/Documents\/Date%20Plam%20Unit\/%28English%20Abstract%20%29EVALUATION%20OF%20DATE%20PALM%20MALES%20USED%20IN%20POLLINATION.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">faculty.ksu.edu.sa<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>ZIRARI 2010. Effects of Time of Pollination and of Pollen Source on Yield and Fruit Quality of \u2018Najda\u2019 Date Palm Cultivar (Phoenix dactylifera L.) under Dr\u00e2a Valley Conditions in Morocco.<\/strong> In: 4 th Int. Date Palm Conference, Acta Hort. 882, ISHS 2010. <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><a title=\"Abstract. In its strategy of intensifying and extending date palm cultivation, Morocco has succeeded to select and micro-propagate new date palm genotypes known by their high fruit quality and Bayoud disease resistance. \u2018Najda\u2019 (INRA-3014) is one of these highly interesting selected genotypes that were distributed as vitroplants to farmers. However, as a newly introduced cultivar, most growers still lack suitable agricultural techniques for its cultivation. The determination of 1) the period at which the female flowers of \u2018Najda\u2019 date palm remain receptive for pollination and 2) the most suitable pollinator to induce a metaxenia effect is very important to date palm growers. For this objective, six \u2018Najda\u2019 palm trees, 15 years old and grown in the same environment of the Zagora Date Palm Experimental Station, were carefully chosen and used to study the effects of 3 polliniser cultivars including: the Moroccan selected males \u2018NP3\u2019 and \u2018NP4\u2019, and a normal male usually used by local growers. Another six palm trees were used for the study of the effect of pollination time and were therefore pollinated at 1, 7, 10 and 15 days from female spathe opening. Both experiments were established in a completely randomized block design. Obtained results showed that pollination by \u2018NP3\u2019 or \u2018NP4\u2019 pollen enhanced fruit maturity by 10 days, and significantly improved fruit length by 1 cm, fruit width by 3 mm and fruit weight by 35% compared to the control. Furthermore, pollinating \u2018Najda\u2019 flowers between the 7 th and the 10 th day after spathe opening induced significant increase in the mean fruit set by 70% while the mean fruit weight remained acceptable (13,14 g). Pollinating earlier or after this period, significantly reduced fruit set which in turn resulted in somewhat higher fruit characteristics. Based on these results, it seems reasonable to conclude that the \u2018Najda\u2019 cultivar should be pollinated using \u2018NP3\u2019 or \u2018NP4\u2019 pollen, particularly between the 7 th and the 10 th day after spathe opening.\" href=\"http:\/\/www.downloadebooks.ir\/Agricultural-%28Keshavarzi%29\/nmmohamad\/EFFECTS%20OF%20TIME%20OF%20POLLINATION%20AND%20OF%20POLLEN%20SOURCE%20ON%20YIELD%20AND%20FRUIT%20QUALITY%20OF%20NAJDA%20DATE%20PALM%20CULTIVAR.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">www.downloadebooks.ir<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div>\u00a0<\/div>\n<div><span style=\"color: #008000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>* <\/strong><strong>PROPRIETES MEDICINALES DES POLLENS <\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><b style=\"color: #000000; font-family: tahoma, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;\">Le pollen du palmier dattier (DPP = Date Palm Pollen) est employ\u00e9 depuis longtemps en m\u00e9decine <\/b><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: tahoma, geneva, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><b>traditionnelle<\/b><\/span><\/span><b style=\"color: #000000; font-family: tahoma, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;\">\u00a0dans le but d\u2019am\u00e9liorer la fertilit\u00e9 humaine. <\/b><strong style=\"color: #000000; font-family: tahoma, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold;\">Des recherches visant \u00e0 mesurer les effets des pollens de palmier ont \u00e9t\u00e9 r\u00e9cemment conduites \u00e0 ce propos chez les rats. Elles portent principalement sur leurs propri\u00e9t\u00e9s aphrodisiaques, et leur impact sur la fertilit\u00e9, notamment en mati\u00e8re de spermatog\u00e9n\u00e8se. <\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div>\u00a0<\/div>\n<div><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong style=\"color: #000000; font-family: tahoma, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold;\">La bibliographie comment\u00e9e qui suit rend compte des \u00e9tudes directement accessibles en ligne sur ce sujet.<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>ABED EL-AZIM M.H.M., EL-MESALAMY A.M.D., YASSIN F.A., KHALIL S.A. 2015. Identification Phenolic and Biological Activities of Methanolic Extract of Date Palm Pollen (Phoenix dactylifera). <\/strong>In: J Microb Biochem Technol 2015, 7:1. <a title=\"Abstract. Pollen of the date palm (DPP) has been used for long time as a traditional Egyptian herbal medicine forimproving male and female fertility. The chemical investigation of date pollen resulted from polar solvent. Six compounds which were identifie\" href=\"http:\/\/omicsonline.org\/open-access\/identification-phenolic-and-biological-activities-of-methanolic-extract-of-date-palm-pollen-phoenix-dactylifera-1948-5948.1000180.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">omicsonline.org<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>ABEDI A, KARIMIAN SM, PARVIZ M, MOHAMMADI P, ROUDSARI HRS 2014.<\/strong> <strong>Effect of Aqueous Extract of Phoenix dactylifera Pollen on Dopamine System of Nucleus Accumbens in Male Rats.<\/strong> In\u00a0: Neuroscience &amp; Medicine, 2014, 5, 49-59. <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><a title=\"ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Dopamine has been known to facilitate male sexual function. METHODS: The effect of aqueous extract (140 mg\/kg) of Phoenix dactylifera date palm pollen on sexual behavior and de- termining of dopamine transmission in the nucleus accumbens was studied in male rats using in vivo microdialysis. Results: Releasing of dopamine increased significantly in the nucleus accumbens when a receptive female was introduced behind a screen (p &lt; 0.001). During copulation, dopamine increased markedly in control and treated rats. Phoenix dactylifera Date Palm Pollen enhanced the orientation of males towards females by increasing mounting and ano-genital investigatory behavior. Improving of sexual behavior and dopamine release was higher in treated rats in comparison with control (p &lt; 0.001). CONCLUSION: These results indicate a neurochemical basis for interaction between dopaminergic agents and male sexual behavior. Therefore, Phoenix dactylifera Date Palm Pollen seems to act as a dopamine agonist and to cure male infertility. It can be used as an aphrodisiac that leads to further increases in dopamine release.\" href=\"http:\/\/www.scirp.org\/journal\/PaperDownload.aspx?paperID=44076\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">www.scirp.org<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>ABEDI A, PARVIZ M, KARIMIAN SM, ROUDSARI HRS 2013.<\/strong> <strong>Aphrodisiac Activity of Aqueous Extract of Phoenix dactylifera Pollen in Male Rats. <\/strong>In\u00a0: Advances in Sexual Medicine, 2013, 3, 28-34. <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><a title=\"ABSTRACT *AIM OF STUDY: Ancient literature alluded to the use of a number of plants\/preparations as sex enhancer. One of such botanicals is Phoenix dactylifera in which the pollen grain has been acclaimed to be used as an aphrodisiac. However, the validity has not been scientifically tested. Dopamine is known to facilitate male sexual function. Therefore, the present study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of aqueous extract of Phoenix dactylifera pollen on the sexual behavior of male rats and to measure of serum Estradiol and Testostrone. Also, dopamine transmission in the nucleus accumbence (NAc) was studied in male rats using in vivo microdialysis. *METHODS AND MATERIALS: sixty male rats were randomized into 6 groups (A-F). Group A received 0.2 ml of Normal Saline mixed with Dimethyl Sulphate (DMSO), while groups B-F were injected same volume containing 35 mg\/kg, 70 mg\/kg, 105 mg\/kg, 140 mg\/kg and 350 mg\/kg of DPP extract, respectively. Sexual behavioral parameters including mounting, intromission and ejaculation frequencies and latencies were recorded in male rats one hour after injection of extract by mating with a receptive female (1:1). The male serum testosterone and estradiol concentrations were also determined. *RESULTS: All doses stimulated male sexual behavior. Extract significantly increased mount, ejaculation, intromission frequencies and ejaculation latency in com- parison to controlled ones (p &lt; 0.001). Mount and intromission latencies significantly reduced (p &lt; 0.001). Maximum effect was observed in dose 140 mg\/kg. This extract was found to enhance Testestrone, Estradiol and the orientation of males toward female ones by increasing mounting and ano-genital investigatory behavior. *CONCLUSIONS: Data from this study identified that the aqueous extract of Phoenix dactylifera pollen grain enhanced sexual behaviour in male rats. The improved sexual appetitive behaviour in male rats may be attributed, to the alkaloids, saponins, and or flavonoids since these phytochemicals has engorgement, androgen enhancing. Also, our findings support the traditional use of this plant as acclaimed aphrodisiac and for the treatment of pre-ejaculation and impotency.\" href=\"http:\/\/www.scirp.org\/journal\/PaperDownload.aspx?paperID=27144\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">www.scirp.org<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>EL-AZIM M.H.M., YASSIN F.A., KHALIL S.A., EL-MESALAMY A.M.D. 2015. Hydrocarbons, fatty acids and biological activity of date palm pollen (phoenix dactylifera L.) growing in Egypt. <\/strong>In\u00a0: IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences (IOSR-JPBS). Volume 10, Issue 3 Ver. I (May &#8211; Jun. 2015), pp. 46-51. <a title=\"Abstract: In this study, the non-polar light petroleum ether and diethyl ether extracts of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) Pollen were analyzed by Gas chromatography\u2013mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) and found to be rich with lipids and steroids. Fatty acids i\" href=\"http:\/\/files.figshare.com\/2062854\/J010314651.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">files.figshare.com<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>HASSAN WA, EL-KASHLAN AM, EHSSAN NA 2012.<\/strong> <strong>Egyptian Date Palm Pollen Ameliorates Testicular Dysfunction Induced by Cadmium Chloride in Adult Rats.<\/strong>In\u00a0: Journal of American Science, 2012;8(4). <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><a title=\"ABSTRACT. Pollen of the date palm (DPP) has been used for long time as a traditional Egyptian herbal medicine for improving male and female fertility. The purpose of this study was to investigate the protective effect and the possible mechanisms of DPP against cadmium-induced testicular dysfunction in adult male rats. Testicular dysfunction was induced by an oral administration of cadmium chloride (CdCl 2 , 5mg\/kg body wt, every other day for 30 days). Oral administration of DPP (240mg\/kg body wt, daily for 30 days) dramatically increased estradiol level of normal rats. Co administration of DPP with CdCl 2 significantly restored the reduction in sex organs weight and the decline in sperm counts and their motility as well as the decrease in testosterone level induced by CdCl 2 challenge. Treatment with DPP counteracted the increases in antioxidant systems in rat testis as assessed by restoration of reduced glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT). Co administration of DPP with CdCl 2 inhibited the abnormalities in testicular morphology, but partially attenuated the elevation in the percentage of testicular DNA damage induced by CdCl 2 . This study provides evidence that DPP exert a significant protective effect against testicular dysfunction induced by CdCl 2 through increases in estradiol level as well as normalization of testosterone levels and sperm parameters. This report also shows some evidence that DPP protects rat's testicular tissue via suppressing testicular histological abnormalities and modulating its DNA damage.\" href=\"http:\/\/www.jofamericanscience.org\/journals\/am-sci\/am0804\/089_8785am0804_659_669.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">wjofamericanscience.org<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>IFTIKHAR S, AHMAD M, ASLAM HM, SEED T, ARFAT Y, NAZISH GE 2014.<\/strong> <strong>Evaluation of spermatogenesis in prepubertal albino rats with date palm pollen supplement.<\/strong> In: African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology.Vol. 8(2), pp. 59-65, 15 January, 2014. <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><a title=\"It is suggested that Date Palm Pollen (DPP) increases the concentration of testosterone, follicle stimulating hormone, and luteinizing hormone in rats. We therefore planned this study to examine the effect of DPP on spermatogenesis using prepubertal rats. 4-day old rats were randomly divided into four groups of 12 pups each (Control I, Experimental I, Control II, and Experimental II). Experimental groups I and II were given DPP suspension in a single oral dose of 120 mg\/kg daily for 18 and 35 days, respectively. Pups were sacrificed on days 22 and 39 post-natally. Testes were removed for microscopic studies, and spermatogenesis was assessed by a method which depended upon scoring \u2018cross sectional\u2019 profiles of seminiferous tubules according to Johnsen\u2019s criterion. There was no statistically significant difference in Control and Experimental groups I. However Pups of the treated group II, who received DPP for 35 days, showed statistically significant increase in seminiferous tubules containing spermatozoa, resulting in a higher Johnsen Score (Control group II: 6.28 \u00b1 0.21, Experimental group II: 8.06 \u00b1 1.21). This implied that spermatogenesis was present at an advanced stage in the Experimental group as compared to the Control group of animals.\" href=\"http:\/\/www.academicjournals.org\/article\/article1390989459_Iftikhar%20et%20al.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">www.academicjournals.org<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>OMAR AA, SHANAWANY MM, MOHSEN MK 2012.<\/strong> <strong>The effect of palm pollens grains and date extracts on the spermatogneix activity of male guinea pigs.<\/strong> In: Second Symposium on Date palm. <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><a title=\"Abstract. The effect of date and spadix sextracts on sperm charact\u00e9ristics and weight of some reproductive organs were studied. Date extract caused and increase in spermatogenesis and spermatic activity. Spadix extract decreased sperm cell count and increased the percentage of motile sperm of male guinea p\u00eegs. Il also reduced the weights of both the reight and left testes and epidimi. Date extract had led to a 73,8% increase in total sperm cell count and to a 31,3% increase in the percentage of motile sperm.\" href=\"http:\/\/www.dprckfu.com\/seminarfiles\/117.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">www.dprckfu.com<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<p><strong>4. BIOTECHNOLOGIES<\/strong><\/p>\n<div>\n<div><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><span style=\"color: #008000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><strong>Reproduction v\u00e9g\u00e9tative &amp; propagation In Vitro<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>Vid\u00e9o: Mohamed Takieddine Ben Ayed<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"projet sur la multiplication vegetative (in vitro)\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/-phqgnUP_j0?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div><span style=\"color: #008000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><b style=\"color: #008000; font-family: tahoma, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;\">La diversit\u00e9 g\u00e9n\u00e9tique du palmier dattier est menac\u00e9e de nos jours par la g\u00e9n\u00e9ralisation de sa reproduction par clonage, dite \u2018reproduction v\u00e9g\u00e9tative\u2019. Cette tr\u00e8s antique technique (elle remonte \u00e0 l&rsquo;Antiquit\u00e9) consiste \u00e0 pr\u00e9lever les rejets \u00e9mis par les arbres pr\u00e9sentant des fruits d\u2019int\u00e9r\u00eat, au d\u00e9triment de la reproduction par semis, dite \u2018reproduction sexu\u00e9e\u2019. Elle a par ailleurs \u00e9t\u00e9 consid\u00e9rablement renforc\u00e9e par les techniques modernes de propagation \u2018in-vitro\u2019. Si la reproduction sexu\u00e9e est n\u00e9cessaire au maintien de la diversit\u00e9 de l\u2019esp\u00e8ce, elle ne garantit pas, en effet, la production de plants de qualit\u00e9. Le recours g\u00e9n\u00e9ralis\u00e9 au clonage (ou \u00e0 la reproduction in-vitro) rel\u00e8ve aussi du fait que les palmiers issus de graines sont pour moiti\u00e9 <\/b><span style=\"color: #008000; font-family: tahoma, geneva, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><b>m\u00e2les<\/b><\/span><\/span><b style=\"color: #008000; font-family: tahoma, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;\"> ou femelles. Or les cultivateurs n\u2019ont que tr\u00e8s peu besoin de palmiers <\/b><span style=\"color: #008000; font-family: tahoma, geneva, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><b>m\u00e2les<\/b><\/span><\/span><b style=\"color: #008000; font-family: tahoma, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 12px;\">, car ils pratiquent eux-m\u00eames la pollinisation. Il faut de plus presqu\u2019une dizaine d\u2019ann\u00e9es pour que se manifeste le sexe d&rsquo;un palmier-dattier. Les recherches portant sur la d\u00e9termination pr\u00e9coce du sexe des palmiers pr\u00e9sentent donc un grand int\u00e9r\u00eat de ce point de vue, de m\u00eame que les techniques de multiplication in vitro de pollinisateurs.<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div>\u00a0<\/div>\n<div><span style=\"color: #008000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>*CLONAGE<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><a href=\"http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/01\/Propagation-clonage-insitu.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-8103\" src=\"http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/01\/Propagation-clonage-insitu.jpg\" alt=\"Propagation clonage insitu\" width=\"303\" height=\"337\" srcset=\"http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/01\/Propagation-clonage-insitu.jpg 303w, http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/01\/Propagation-clonage-insitu-135x150.jpg 135w, http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/01\/Propagation-clonage-insitu-270x300.jpg 270w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 303px) 100vw, 303px\" \/><\/a><span style=\"font-size: 11px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\">Ill. Pr\u00e9l\u00e8vement de rejets par enracinement pr\u00e9alable. <\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>\u00ab\u00a0Date palm propagation (DPP). <\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>Le clonage, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9 propagation asexu\u00e9e ou v\u00e9g\u00e9tative, offre les avantages suivants:<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>* les plantes obtenues sont identiques \u00e0 la plante d\u2019origine.<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>* elles produisent des fruits 2 &#8211; 3 ans plus t\u00f4t que les plantes obtenues par semis <\/strong><strong>\u2026 \/ \u2026 <\/strong>\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>Le nombre de rejets produits par un palmier est limit\u00e9 (20 \u00e0 30 au maximum) \u00e0 la p\u00e9riode de croissance du palmier \u2026 \/ \u2026 seulement trois ou quatre rejets sont aptes \u00e0 \u00eatre transplant\u00e9s chaque ann\u00e9e. Pour obtenir un haut taux de survie des rejets transplant\u00e9s, on recommande les \u00e9tapes suivantes. Apr\u00e8s 3 \u00e0 5 ans, selon la vari\u00e9t\u00e9, les rejets formeront leurs propres racines et commenceront \u00e0 produire une deuxi\u00e8me g\u00e9n\u00e9ration de ramifications. C\u2019est seulement \u00e0 cette \u00e9tape qu\u2019ils peuvent \u00eatre enlev\u00e9s et \u00e9lev\u00e9s en p\u00e9pini\u00e8re pendant 1 \u00e0 2 ans avant la plantation sur le terrain.<\/strong><strong>\u00ab\u00a0<\/strong><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"> [<a title=\"ZAID A., DE WET P.F. 2002. Date palm propagation. In: Date Production Support Programme, FAO, DOCREP. ABSTRACT. Offshoot propagation, also called asexual or vegetative propagation, offers the following advantages: (i) Offshoot plants are true to type to the parent palm. The offshoots develop from axillary buds on the trunk of the mother plant and consequently the fruit produced will be of the same quality as the mother palm and ensures uniformity of produce. (ii) The offshoot plant will bear fruits 2 - 3 years earlier than seedlings. The life span of the date palm is divided into two distinct developmental phases: vegetative, in which buds forming in the leaf axils develop into offshoots; and generative, in which buds form inflorescences and offshoots cease. From the time that the axillary bud of a leaf has differentiated into an offshoot until the time it grows outwards, takes up to three years (18 to 36 months), with another three to four years before it reaches the desired size for its separation and planting (Hilgeman, 1954). Offshoots are mainly produced in a limited number (20 to 30 at most) during the early life of the palm (10 to 15 years from the date of its planting) depending on the variety and on prior fertilisation treatment, irrigation and earthing up around the trunks, (Nixon and Carpenter, 1978). Although 20 to 30 offshoots are produced by a palm, only three or four offshoots are suitable for planting out in one year and must still go into the nursery for 1 to 2 years before field planting. To obtain a high survival rate of transplanted offshoots, the following steps are recommended: After 3 to 5 years of attachment to the parent palm, depending on the variety, offshoots will form their own roots and start producing a second generation of offshoots. Only at this stage are they ready to be removed (Nixon, 1966; Nixon and Carpenter, 1978). The offshoot selected for removal must be disease and pest free and at least three to five years old with a base diameter between 20 and 35 cm, weighing over 10 kg. It is advisable that an offshoot never be planted into the field directly after removal from the mother plant. A rooting period of one to two years in a nursery is essential in order to ensure an optimum survival rate and to avoid uneven development of the plantation. The best time for the removal of offshoots and transplanting into the nursery for rooting (never directly into the field) is after the soil begins to warm up in the late spring and early summer.\" href=\"http:\/\/www.fao.org\/DOCREP\/006\/Y4360E\/y4360e09.htm#TopOfPage\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Zaid De Wet 2002<\/a>]<strong>.<\/strong> <\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div>\u00a0<\/div>\n<div><span style=\"color: #008000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>* REPRODUCTION IN VITRO<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>Vid\u00e9o: la culture in vitro (Vegenov)<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Vegenov - Le laboratoire de biologie cellulaire\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/vJiwZ3TUC-0?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>\u00ab\u00a0Apr\u00e8s avoir identifi\u00e9 les bons <em>dokkars<\/em> <\/strong>[pollinisateurs]<strong> au sein des populations m\u00e2les de palmier dattier issues de semis, certains agriculteurs ont \u00e9t\u00e9 incit\u00e9s \u00e0 les multiplier v\u00e9g\u00e9tativement par rejets. Cette pratique est rest\u00e9e cependant tr\u00e8s limit\u00e9e. Par ailleurs, de nouvelles s\u00e9lections de <em>dokkars<\/em> avaient \u00e9t\u00e9 obtenues dans le monde gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 des programmes d\u2019am\u00e9lioration. En effet, la s\u00e9lection g\u00e9n\u00e9tique du palmier dattier fait l\u2019objet de recherches depuis tr\u00e8s longtemps.<\/strong> [\u2026\/\u2026] <strong>Les travaux men\u00e9s \u00e0 El Arfian en Alg\u00e9rie, durant une vingtaine d\u2019ann\u00e9es, sur l\u2019am\u00e9lioration g\u00e9n\u00e9tique avaient pour objectifs de produire une lign\u00e9e meilleure ou conforme \u00e0 \u2018Deglet Nour\u2019 en esp\u00e9rant pouvoir assainir la vari\u00e9t\u00e9 et rendre possible la multiplication par voie de graines. Ils ont abouti \u00e0 la s\u00e9lection d\u2019un pollinisateur du cultivar \u2018Ghars\u2019 \u00e0 floraison pr\u00e9coce (mois de janvier) et produisant du pollen en grande quantit\u00e9 et de bonne qualit\u00e9.<\/strong> [\u2026\/\u2026] <strong>Par ailleurs, le projet d\u2019am\u00e9lioration g\u00e9n\u00e9tique du palmier dattier entrepris par le D\u00e9partement d\u2019agriculture aux \u00c9tats-Unis de 1948 \u00e0 1964, a permis de retenir des lign\u00e9es tr\u00e8s int\u00e9ressantes apr\u00e8s le 4<sup>\u00e8me<\/sup> r\u00e9trocroisement, aussi bien des palmiers m\u00e2les que des palmiers femelles.<\/strong> <strong>La principale contrainte ayant limit\u00e9 la port\u00e9e de ces travaux \u00e9tait le temps que n\u00e9cessite un r\u00e9trocroisement, soit 5 ann\u00e9es. Pour quatre r\u00e9trocroisements, 25 ann\u00e9es sont n\u00e9cessaires, d\u2019o\u00f9 l\u2019importance capitale de l\u2019utilisation des biotechnologies permettant de raccourcir ce temps (haplodiplo\u00efdisation, culture de tissus, assistance par biologie mol\u00e9culaire, etc.). Dans ce contexte, la multiplication rapide de <em>Phoenix dactylifera<\/em> par les techniques de culture in vitro constitue une voie pouvant apporter des solutions dans un d\u00e9lai raisonnable, afin de propager les bons pollinisateurs et de les diffuser au niveau des agriculteurs.\u00a0\u00bb<\/strong><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"> [<a title=\"CHAIBI N., BEN-ABDALLAH A., HARZALLAH H., LEPOIVRE P. 2002. Potentialit\u00e9s androg\u00e9n\u00e9tiques du palmier dattier Ph\u0153nix dactylifera L. et culture in vitro d\u2019anth\u00e8res. In: Biotechnol. Agron. Soc. Environ. 2002 6 (4), 201\u2013207. Extraits. L\u2019analyse des potentialit\u00e9s androg\u00e9n\u00e9tiques de cinq pollinisateurs du palmier dattier (Ph\u0153nix dactylifera L.) a \u00e9t\u00e9 r\u00e9alis\u00e9e. Nous avons d\u00e9fini un rep\u00e8re ph\u00e9notypique du stade optimum de mise en culture in vitro, pr\u00e9conis\u00e9 un pr\u00e9traitement des anth\u00e8res \u00e0 partir d\u2019un choc thermique \u00e0 37\u201338 \u00b0C et une optimisation du milieu de culture en retenant celui de Murashige et Skoog additionn\u00e9 d\u2019acide 2,4-dichloroph\u00e9noxyac\u00e9tique (2,4-D) et de 2-isopentenylaminopurine (2-IP) associ\u00e9s au charbon actif. Ces conditions am\u00e9liorent significativement le pourcentage de division des microspores et ont permis de choisir le pollinisateur T106 comme g\u00e9notype r\u00e9pondant le mieux \u00e0 l\u2019androgen\u00e8se. [\u2026\/\u2026] Ceci n\u2019est qu\u2019une premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape dans le but d\u2019obtenir des haplo\u00efdes chez une esp\u00e8ce dont la g\u00e9n\u00e9tique reste peu connue. En effet, chez le palmier dattier, on ne sait pas encore sous quel type de contr\u00f4le g\u00e9n\u00e9tique se trouvent les palmiers m\u00e2les. Le plus probable est qu\u2019ils soient, comme les asperges, sous la forme (Aa), alors que les palmiers femelles seraient sous la forme (aa). Par cons\u00e9quent, les plantes haplo\u00efdes qui seraient issues de la culture in vitro \u00e0 partir des anth\u00e8res, dont les chromosomes pourraient \u00eatre doubl\u00e9s par la colchicine, seraient de type (AA)  ou bien (aa), c\u2019est-\u00e0-dire des \u201csuper m\u00e2les\u201d ou des femelles. Au niveau des femelles, on pourrait s\u2019attendre \u00e0 l\u2019expression des g\u00e8nes r\u00e9cessifs impliqu\u00e9s dans la r\u00e9sistance \u00e0 des maladies ou autres. Au niveau des m\u00e2les, les \u201csuper m\u00e2les\u201d pourraient \u00eatre meilleurs aussi bien pour la qualit\u00e9 que pour la quantit\u00e9 du pollen produit.\" href=\"http:\/\/www.pressesagro.be\/base\/text\/v6n4\/201.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Chaibi 2002<\/a>] <\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div>\u00a0<\/div>\n<div><span style=\"color: #008000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>Bibliographie comment\u00e9e<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>ABDALLA<\/strong><strong> M. M., ABD EL-KAWY A. M. <strong>2010<\/strong>. Cytological Studies for Date Palm (Phoenix Dactylifera L) Tissue Culture Derived Plants.<\/strong> In: Report and Opinion, 2010;2(11). Link: <a title=\"Abstract: The cytological studies on the micropropagated date palm (phoenix dactylifera var. Karama) revealed that no chromosomal changes occurred during micropropagation and there were 36 chromosomes arranged in 18 bivalents of chromosomes in c-meta phase profile, seventeen bivalents are autosomal chromosomes and XY bivalent in male or XX in female. Chromosome No.2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 were metacentric, chromosomes No. 1,7,8,9 and 10 were submetacentric and chromosomes from No.11 to No17 were subtelocentric. While X chromosome was submetacentric and Y chromosome was subtelocentric. There were no significant differences in the chromosome length, area and centromer positions between the micropropagated plantlets and the mother plants.\" href=\"http:\/\/www.sciencepub.net\/report\/report0211\/04_3770report0211_17_21.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http:\/\/www.sciencepub.net\/<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>ABDALLA<\/strong><strong> M.M., ABD EL-KAWY<\/strong> <strong>A.M. <strong>2010<\/strong>. Karyotype analysis for date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L) compared with tissue culture derived plants.<\/strong> In: New York Science Journal 2010 (3) 11. Link: <a title=\"Abstract: The cytological studies on the micropropagated date palm (phoenix dactylifera var. Karama) revealed that no morphological changes occurred during microproopagation and there were 36 chromosomes arranged in 18 bivalents of chromosomes in c-meta phase profile, seventeen bivalents are autosomal chromosomes and XY bivalent in male or XX in female. Chromosome No.2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 were meta centric, chromosomes No. 1,7,8,9 and 10 were submetacentric and chromosomes from No.11 to No17 were subtelocentric. While X chromosome was submetacentric and Y chromosome was subtelocentric. There were no significant differences in the chromosome length, area and centromer positions between the micropropagated plantlets and the mother plants.\" href=\"http:\/\/www.sciencepub.net\/newyork\/ny0311\/24_3770ny0311_165_170.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http:\/\/www.sciencepub.net\/<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>ABERLENC-BERTOSSI<\/strong><strong> F., SANE D., DAHER A., BORGEL A., DUVAL Y., <strong>2006<\/strong>. Aptitude \u00e0 la d\u00e9shydratation des embryons zygotiques de palmier \u00e0 huile et de palmier dattier.<\/strong> In: Actes du BRG, 6, 401-413. Link: <a title=\"Abstract: Aptitude for dehydration of oil palm and date palm zygotic em-bryos: study of LEA gene expression. Seed banks allow the long term storage ofdehydrated orthodox seeds at low temperatures. However, many fruit-bearing andforest species from temperate or tropical areas produce seeds referred to as recalci-trant since they are sensitive to dehydration or cold temperatures and are not able tobe preserved by classical methods. Alternative solutions, such as the culture or theconservation of shoot apices, calli or embryos are sought in species of this type. Theacquisition of desiccation tolerance is generally a condition for the success of these methods. LEA (Late Embryogenesis Abundant) proteins are a group of moleculesthat may play an important role in the protection of cellular integrity during dehy-dration. These proteins are typically expressed during seed maturation or in vegeta-tive tissues in response to water, salt or cold stress. In this study, Lea genes wereinvestigated in two species of the Arecaceae: date palm, which is adapted to aridregions and produces orthodox seeds; and oil palm, which is native to humid tropi-cal regions and which produces semi-recalcitrant seeds. Em-like and dehydrin-likegenes belonging respectively to groups 1 and 2 of the LEA family were identified inoil palm. One of the oil palm genes, named Egdehyd-1, encoded a deduced dehydrintype protein of 131 amino acids and a molecular mass of 14 kDa. A partial sequenceof a date palm dehydrin-like gene PdEDehyd15 was obtain by PCR-based cloning.The oil palm and date palm dehydrin genes contain the typical K segmentEKKGIMDKIKEKLPG and encode YSK 2 -type dehydrins. An oil palm Em-likegene, EgEmZ08, was identified in an EST collection. This gene encodes a predictedprotein of 90 amino acids and a molecular mass of 97 kDa. A partial sequence of adate palm Em-like gene called PdEm-1 was also obtained by PCR-based cloning.The deduced oil palm and date palm Em-like protein sequences contained the\u00abSmall hydrophilic plant seed protein signature \u00bb. Expression of LEA genes wasstudied by semi-quantitative RT-PCR in palm zygotic embryos during in plantamaturation and in vitro germination. The four palm LEA genes were observed todisplay the same expression pattern. Transcripts were showed a strong accumula-tion during late embryogenesis. Expression decreased at the beginning of in vitrogermination and transcripts were not detected from 8 days. This study is the firstcharacterisation of LEA gene in palms. It constitutes a first step in the study of the possible role of the LEA genes in the determination of desiccation tolerance of oilpalm and date palm embryos.\" href=\"http:\/\/www.brg.prd.fr\/brg\/pdf\/LaRochelle_Aberlenc.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http:\/\/www.brg.prd.fr\/<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>ABERLENC<\/strong> <strong>F.<\/strong> <strong>2008<\/strong>. <strong>Embryogen\u00e8se somatique du palmier dattier pour la sauvegarde des vari\u00e9t\u00e9s traditionnelles et l&rsquo;adaptation \u00e0 la culture en Alg\u00e9rie, en Mauritanie, au S\u00e9n\u00e9gal et \u00e0 Djibouti.<\/strong> Link: <a title=\"En zone sah\u00e9lienne aride et semi-aride, le dattier pr\u00e9sente une forte valeur \u00e9cologique, \u00e9conomique mais aussi sociale. Ainsi, au S\u00e9n\u00e9gal par exemple, les importations de dattes li\u00e9es \u00e0 la consommation dans le cadre de la pratique religieuse s\u2019\u00e9l\u00e8vent, au cours de ces derni\u00e8res ann\u00e9es, \u00e0 pr\u00e8s de 200 millions de Fcfa par an (Nguer, 1998 cit\u00e9 par Ferry, 1998). Cependant plusieurs \u00e9cueils freinent l\u2019essor de la ph\u0153niciculture villageoise. Dans les pays du Sahel et \u00e0 Djibouti, l\u2019extension des cultures est frein\u00e9e par le manque de disponibilit\u00e9 en plants adapt\u00e9s aux conditions \u00e9dapho-climatiques locales. En effet, le chevauchement entre la p\u00e9riode de maturation des fruits et la saison des pluies ou encore la salinit\u00e9 des sols constituent des obstacles majeurs au d\u00e9veloppement de la culture du dattier. De plus, \u00e0 Djibouti, le d\u00e9veloppement de la ph\u0153niciculture villageoise est une priorit\u00e9 de l\u2019Etat dans le cadre de son programme de lutte contre la pauvret\u00e9. En Alg\u00e9rie, mais aussi en Mauritanie, pays de tradition ph\u0153nicicole s\u00e9culaire, de nombreuses vari\u00e9t\u00e9s traditionnelles adapt\u00e9es \u00e0 une demande locale sont en danger de disparition du fait de l\u2019indisponibilit\u00e9 en rejets des ces vari\u00e9t\u00e9s d\u2019int\u00e9r\u00eat en Alg\u00e9rie, ou de la diminution des surfaces cultiv\u00e9es en Mauritanie. Ces vari\u00e9t\u00e9s traditionnelles ainsi que des cultivars adapt\u00e9s aux contraintes abiotiques et aux climats locaux ont \u00e9t\u00e9 s\u00e9lectionn\u00e9s. Toutefois la production de rejets est insuffisante pour couvrir la demande des planteurs. L\u2019utilisation de biotechnologies comme le clonage pr\u00e9sente donc un int\u00e9r\u00eat majeur pour multiplier les plants s\u00e9lectionn\u00e9s. L\u2019\u00e9valuation des clones issus de descendances d\u2019individus connus pour leurs caract\u00e8res agronomiques dans des essais multilocaux permettront de plus de s\u00e9lectionner des g\u00e9notypes adapt\u00e9s aux conditions du Sahel.L\u2019objectif principal de ce projet est l\u2019optimisation des proc\u00e9d\u00e9s de clonage du palmier dattier par embryogen\u00e8se somatique afin d\u2019am\u00e9liorer l\u2019efficacit\u00e9 de la micropropagation des g\u00e9notypes d\u2019int\u00e9r\u00eat.\" href=\"http:\/\/www.bioveg.auf.org\/IMG\/pdf\/Sane-Dattier.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http:\/\/www.bioveg.auf.org\/<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>ABUL-SOAD<\/strong> <strong>A.A., MAHDI S. M.<\/strong> <strong>2010<\/strong><strong>. <\/strong><strong>Commercial production of tissue Culture date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) by inflorescence technique. <\/strong>In: Journal of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, 8(2): 39-44. Link: <a title=\"Date Palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) is a salt and drought tolerant fruit crop mainly cultivated in Arabian countries. Shoot tip explants of offshoots were used traditionally for various micropropagation protocols on research or commercial levels. However, its main disadvantage was the scarification of the entire plant. Subsequently, this hinders the micropropagation of male and female recalcitrant individuals with no offshoots or the interesting cultivars with a limited population. Consequently, current study is investigating the factors affecting commercial production of tissue cultured palms with cost-effectively and short-production cycle, which may also strongly enhance the transformation protocols. The innovative way by which the 15 cm long immature inflorescence was excised before emergence between fronds is reported herewith this study for the first time. Established spikelet explants were able within 2-3 months only without any callus phase to produce shining globular structures instead of immature florets. These embryogenic structures couldn\u2019t develop further without maturation process for 1-2 months under full darkness as well. Subsequently, well-matured embryogenic structures were shifted to the subsequent differentiation medium under illumination conditions. After then, green shoots and multiple somatic embryos have been subjected to the multiplication stage, then rooting and eventually successfully transplanted in the greenhouse. All used nutrient media and their sequential usage is reported in this study by which it became possible from one inflorescence to produce 10000 plantlets in rooting stage right now of Gulistan Pakistani cultivar without any bad consequences on the mother tree.\" href=\"http:\/\/www.jgeb.eg.net\/pdf\/vol8-n2\/6.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http:\/\/www.jgeb.eg.net\/<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>ABUL-SOAD AA, JATOI MA 2014. <\/strong><strong>Factors affecting in vitro rooting of date palm (Phoenix Dactylifera L.). <\/strong>In: Pak. J. Agri. Sci., Vol. 51(2), 467-474; 2014. Link: <a title=\"Abstract. Date palm is a dioecious, perennial monocot plant species of the Arecaceae family cultivated in 56 countries including European and American countries. The success of date palm micropropagation is strongly linked to the in vitro root quality. The identical shoots of 8-10 cm long of three different varieties (vars.) were cultured in rooting experiment to study the combined impact of genotype, sucrose concentration, activated charcoal (AC), basal salts (MS or MS &amp; B 5) and subculture number. The adventitious roots were planned to be i nitiated on media included different combinations o f sucrose and basal salts for a couple of subcultures (each a month) and after then were transferred on to media contained 1.5 and 3.0 g\/l AC for additional two subcultures. Findings indicated that using 40 g\/l sucrose in the rooting medium encouraged the adventitious roots production where 5 roots per plantlet of 7.8 cm long and 1.4 mm width were averagely induced. The average leaves number reached 3-4 leaves per plantlet, leaf length 18-28 cm and the leaf width 3.5-6.9 mm. Full stren gth of MS basal salts proved better than macro elements of B5 &amp; micro ele ments of MS. The leaves and roots growth was affected by the genotype since the shoots of var. Gajar were initiated before other two varieties and in higher number. Incorporation of 3.0 g\/l AC to the rooting medium found to be necessary to enhance the whole plantlet growth as the length of white roots and leaves increased. AC addition encouraged the secondary and tertiary roots formation. By adjusting factors aff ected rooting, the ideal in vitro roots have been achieved within a short period of time (4 months) and the survival percentage of ex vitro plants exceeded 90%. The in vitro roots development and proper handling of the plantlets during rooting stage was described in current study.\" href=\"http:\/\/pakjas.com.pk\/papers%5C2298.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http:\/\/pakjas.com.pk\/papers%5C2298.pdf<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>AL-BAHRANY<\/strong> <strong>A.M., AL-KHAYRI J.M.<\/strong> <strong>2012<\/strong>.<strong> Optimizing In vitro Cryopreservation of Date Palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.).<\/strong> In: Biotechnology, 11, 59-66. Link: <a title=\"Abstract: Cryopreservation, the storage of materials at ultra-cold temperature, is a useful method for long-term storage of a wide variety of plant germplasm including buds, seeds, seed parts, twigs and cell and tissue cultures. The objective of this study was to define the optimal concentrations of key components of the cryoprotectant solution based on sucrose combinations with either dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) or glycerol for date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) cell suspension. Callus induced from shoot tip expiants isolated from young offshoots of cv. Khalas, the most important commercial cultivars in Saudi Arabia, was used to establish cell suspension cultures. The cells were pretreated in sucrose solution and kept in a ciyoprotectant solution containing sucrose at a concentration corresponding to that used in the pre-treatments (0.1, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75 and1 M) and supplemented with either DMSO at 0, 5 and 10% or glycerol at 0, 1 and 2 M. After freezing in liquid nitrogen for 14 day, cell samples were revived and tested for survivability and competency in terms of colony formation, callus re-growth and subs\u00e9quent somatic embiyogenesis. The highest colony formation (21 colonies), greatest callus growth (0.12 g) and highest embiyos number (11 embiyos) was recovered from cell cryoprotected in 10% DMSO supplemented with 0.75 M sucrose. This study has resulted in ciyoprotectant solutions suitable for date palm cells suspension; thus provided the necessaiy fundamental knowledge for establishing a germplasm bank based on ciyopreservation approach for date palm conservation.\" href=\"http:\/\/scialert.net\/qredirect.php?doi=biotech.2012.59.66&amp;linkid=pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http:\/\/scialert.net\/<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>AMIN<\/strong> <strong>T.<\/strong> <strong>2001<\/strong><strong>. In-vitro Propagation of Date Palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) by Adventive Buds.<\/strong> In: Proceedings second international conference on date palm. Al Ain, UAE, 568-587. Link: <a title=\"Propagation of date palm of some local varieties (Khistaoui and Zahidi) was performed in the laboratory by means of the advantive buds where the upper parts (non-meristematic) taken from the young leaves surrounding the top bud. After, about five months of the basic cultivation, small, white and firm tissue protuberance were noticed emerging from within the explant's tissue. The protuberance were cultivated in another nutritive media. Tissue clusters of firm construction, rapidly divided and of meristematic nature, were obtained. These clusters were propagated to get the required quantity of the propagation material. In a later stage, the tissue meristematic clusters were cultured, and coherent mass of developed buds was obtained. The healthy green growths were cultivated in a suitable nutritive media to be enhanced to grow and develop and form strong roots. Great quantity of vitro plants capable of living and ready for hardening, were obtained. A parallel histological study of the explants was performed, including various stages of development. The microscopic observations showed the cell division followed by clear growth of the explant. At the end of this stage, scattered, fine clusters appeared near the epidermis, consisting of very fine and active cells. Tissue nodules emerged from the cell clusters. Those nodules were independent and of different shapes and of dense cell clusters, which formed a cohesive unit, and displayed an internal tissue differentiation. The development of the nodules resulted in tissue structures which were not uniformed in their size and activity and function, and then gave very fine meristems , which consist of meristematic dome and permordium leaves in which the paranchyme that contains scattered vascular bundles at different degrees of development.\" href=\"http:\/\/www.pubhort.org\/datepalm\/datepalm2\/datepalm2_68.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http:\/\/www.pubhort.org\/<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>BAWIS H.A., BUJLIAH K.A., BU-ALI M.A., EL-BELLAJ M., BEN-ABDALLAH 2015. Effect of abscisic acid (ABA) on somatic embryogenesis in date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L). <\/strong>In: International Journal of Agricultural Science Research Vol. 4(2), pp. 031-034, February 2015. Link: <a title=\"In vitro propagation of date palm ensures large scale multiplication of genetically uniform planting material. Abscisic acid (ABA) plays an important role in the accumulation of nutritive products (proteins, lipids and glycides) during the development and\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ahsadatepalm-res.com\/upload\/ebook\/docs\/1427265801.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http:\/\/www.ahsadatepalm-res.com\/<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>DIAB M.I. 2015. In vitro Propagation of the Endangered Date Palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) Ghazal cv. 1. Effect of Folic Acid and Biotin on Callus Formation and Differentiation. <\/strong>In: American-Eurasian J. Agric. &amp; Environ. Sci., 15 (3): 284-290, 2015. Link: <a title=\"Abstract: The present investigation is the first work on in vitro propagation of an elite endangered date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) Ghazal cultivar, through somatic embryogenesis. This cultivar is grown in Siwa Oasis, which is suffering an excessive r\" href=\"http:\/\/www.idosi.org\/aejaes\/jaes15%283%2915\/1.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http:\/\/www.idosi.org\/<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>EL-BAR O.H.A., EL-DAWAYATI M.M. 2014. <\/strong><strong>Histological changes on regeneration in vitro culture of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera) leaf explants.<\/strong> In: AJCS 8(6):848-855(2014). Link: <a title=\"Abstract A tissue culture experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of some growth regulators and two different ages of in vitro leaves of date palm c.v. sakoty on regeneration process. Leaves were cultured on Murashige and Skoog\u2019s medium (MS) supplemented with each or combined with the following growth regulators 4 mg l \u2013 1 2,4 \u2013 D, 40 mg l \u2013 1 NAA, 2 mg l \u2013 1 BA, (2 mg1 \u2013 1 BA+ 40 mg l \u2013 1 NAA), (2mgl \u2013 1 BA+ 4 mg l \u2013 1 2,4 \u2013 D) and (2 mg l \u2013 1 BA+40 mg l \u2013 1 NAA+4 mg l \u2013 1 2,4 \u2013 D). The results showed that in vitro young leaf explants treated with 2 mg1 \u2013 1 BA was more efficient in inducing direct somatic embryos and subsequent plantlets growth in a short time duration ,i.e.8 \u2013 10 months. However, the other treatments or the old leaves had no response to induce direct somatic embryos. Also, histological examinations were made during the initiation and development of direct somatic embryos. It was revealed that the proembryos originated from pro cambial cells, whereas the mesophyll parenchyma and the epidermal cel ls did not participate in this process. Procambial cells acquired the embryonic competence within 15 days form culturing. The embryonic structures were generated along the vascular strands, which subsequently evolved into somatic embryos. After two months, different developmental stages of somatic embryos were observed, i.e. (pre \u2013 globular, globular, early bipolar, bipolar and cotyledonary \u2013 shaped). The regenerated embryos were transferred onto both multiplication and rooting media for 8 months to obtained he althy plantlets. Therefore, this protocol provides a simple and rapid way to regenerate date palm via direct embryogenesis. This result obtained herewith was discussed with other results elsewhere which depend on callus formation as an intermediate phase t o obtain somatic embryos indirectly.\" href=\"http:\/\/www.cropj.com\/elbar_8_6_2014_848_855.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http:\/\/www.cropj.com\/elbar_8_6_2014_848_855.pdf<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>KAVAND A., EBADI A., SHURAKI Y.D., ABDOSSI V., MOSTAFAVY M. 2015. <\/strong><strong>Evaluation of stability and uniformity in tissue culture-date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) plants of cv. Berhee by using morphological characteristics. <\/strong>In: International Journal of Biosciences. Vol. 6, No. 1, p. 117-122, 2015. Link: <a title=\"Abstract Date palm (Phoenix dactylifera . L) is a dioecious, monocot and tropical fruit that requires pollination for fruit set and economically production. It is propagated by offshoot routinely. The low number of offshoot and short time of offshoot prod\" href=\"http:\/\/www.innspub.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/01\/IJB-V6No1-p117-122.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http:\/\/www.innspub.net\/<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>KHIERALLAH H.S.M., AL-HAMDANY M.H. S., ABDULKAREEM A.A., SALEH F.F. 2015. Influence of Sucrose and Pacloburtazol on Callus Growth and Somatic Embryogenesis in Date Palm cv. <\/strong><strong>Bream. <\/strong>In: Int.J.Curr.Res.Aca.Rev.2015; 1(1):270-276. Link: <a title=\"ABSTRACT. A study was conducted to examine different concentrations of paclobutrazol and sucrose for their effect on embryonic callus and subsequent embryogenesis in Phoenix dactylifera cultivar Bream. Shoot tips were excised from 2-3 years old offshoots,\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ijcrar.com\/vol-3-1\/Hussam%20S.M.%20Khierallah,%20et%20al.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http:\/\/www.ijcrar.com\/vol-3-1\/<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>KURUP SS, ALY MAM, LEKSHMI G, TAWFIK NH 2014. <\/strong><strong>Rapid in vitro regeneration of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) cv. <\/strong><strong>Kheneizi using tender leaf explant. <\/strong>In: Emir. J. Food Agric. 2014. 26 (6): 539-544. Link: <a title=\"Abstract. Somatic embryogenesis has been accomplished from tender leaf base explant of date palm (Phoenix dactyliferaL.). Three to five mm long tender leaf base explants derived from the meristamatic region of 2-3 year old offshoots of date palm cv. Kheneizi were cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) basal medium supplemented with 10, 50, 100 and 150 mg l -1 2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2,4-D) and incubated in dark for 6 weeks to initiate callus. Callogenesis was obtained in all 2,4-D concentrations tested; however, callus growth was most significant in media supplemented with 100 mg l -1 2,4-D. The leaf explants with callus were transferred to hormone-free MS medium for 4 weeks and then further sub-cultured to a medium supplemented with 0.5 mg l -1\u03b1-naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) and 0.25 mg l -1 6-benzyl amino purine (BAP) which was effective in inducing shoot and root primordia within 10 weeks. In another 12 weeks, two more sub-culturing of shoot clumps in the same medium resulted in the development of shoot with roots and gave whole plants by 8 weeks. The plantlets were hardened and acclimatized to the ambient conditions and planted in pots, containing 1:1:1 peat, sand and dehydrated cow manure, which resulted in over 60% ex vitro plant survival. Early plant regeneration was achieved by this technique.\" href=\"http:\/\/ejfa.info\/index.php\/ejfa\/article\/viewFile\/18051\/9212\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http:\/\/ejfa.info\/<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>LABEYRIE A., DURAND-GASSELIN T., AMBLARD P., ZANBRANO J. 2012. Apport des biotechnologies \u00e0 la diffusion de mat\u00e9riel v\u00e9g\u00e9tal am\u00e9lior\u00e9.<\/strong> Link: <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><a title=\"EXTRAITS. INTER\u00caT DU CLONAGE : CLONER LES PALMIERS QUE L\u2019ON NE PEUT PAS MULTIPLIER PAR CROISEMENT: - PALMIERS D\u2019EXCEPTION A FORT RENDEMENT: On exploite la variabilit\u00e9 intra-croisement (on rechercher un gain avance par rapport \u00e0 la moyenne d\u2019un croisement, Adaptation locale (Condition g\u00e9ographique) - PALMIERS PRESENTANT DES RESISTANCES AUX MALADIES (plantes uniques) - PALMIERS POUR REPONDRE A DES OBJECTIFS SPECIFIQUES (Back Cross et\/ou hybrides inter-sp\u00e9cifiques, \u201csuperm\u00e2le\u201d, production de semences mono ou bi-clonales) ACTUELLEMENT EN PRODUCTION: -   20 hybrides intersp\u00e9cifiques. -   24 guineensis tol\u00e9rants \u00e0 la PC. -   500 clones de guineensis (r\u00e9sitants \u00e0 ganoderma et fusariose). -   4 BC r\u00e9sistant \u00e0 PC. -   2 superm\u00e2les.\" href=\"http:\/\/www.cirad.fr\/MM\/pdf-journee-palmier-2012-07\/JF%20Palmier%202012%20-%20Axel%20Labeyrie.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http:\/\/www.cirad.fr\/MM\/pdf-journee-palmier-2012-07\/JF%20Palmier%202012%20-%20Axel%20Labeyrie.pdf<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>SANE <\/strong><strong>D., ABERLENC-BERTOSSI F., GASSAMA-DIA Y. K., SAGNA M., TROUSLOT M. F., DUVAL Y., BORGEL A.<\/strong> <strong>2006<\/strong>. <strong>Histocytological Analysis of Callogenesis and Somatic Embryogenesis from Cell Suspensions of Date Palm (Phoenix dactylifera). <\/strong>In: Annals of Botany 2006, 98, 301-308. Link: <a title=\"*Background and Aims. The date palm is a dioecious perennial species of the Arecaceae for which in vitromicropropagation is essential to ensure the renewal of palm plantations. This study presents a histocytologicalanalysis of the traditional Mauritanian Amsekhsi cultivar beginning from the initial callogenesis and continuing upto the establishment of the cellular embryogenic cell suspensions. The formation of somatic embryos and theirdevelopment into rooted plants are also described. Methods Foliar segments of seedlings cultured in the presence of 2,4-D produced primary calli that were choppedto produce \ufb01ne friable granular calli that subsequently produced cellular suspensions when transferred to liquidmedium. The somatic proembryos that developed after removal of the 2,4-D were plated on agar medium where theydeveloped into rooted plants. Thin sections of tissue fragments taken at each stage of the process were stained usingPeriodic Acid Schiff and Naphthol Blue-Black.*Key Results The \ufb01rst cellular divisions were localized close to the vascular vessels of the leaf. The primary calliwere obtained within 2 months. Fine friable granular calli grew quickly after the primary calli were chopped.Individual embryogenic cells were identi\ufb01ed that rapidly started to divide and developed into globular proembryos.In addition, in the microcalli, breaking zones appeared in the thick pectocellulosic walls which delimited thepluricellular proembryos. The anatomy of somatic embryos is similar to that of zygotic embryos despite a de\ufb01citin the accumulation of intracellular proteins. When rooted with NAA, the vitroplants developed a strong orthotropictaproot. Conclusions This study contributes to understanding the whole process of somatic embryogenesis, but two speci\ufb01cquestions remain to be answered: what factors are involved in the reactivation of the somatic cells at the beginning ofthe initial callogenesis, and why do the somatic embryos not accumulate proteins in their tissues during maturation?\" href=\"http:\/\/aob.oxfordjournals.org\/content\/98\/2\/301.full.pdf+html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http:\/\/aob.oxfordjournals.org\/<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>TAHA, HASSAN, EL-BAHR 2007 Micropropagation of some Egyptian date palm dry cultivars. 1- Maturation of somatic embryos. <\/strong>In: Arab J. Biotech., Vol. 10, No. (2) July (2007):333-340. Link: <a title=\"Abstract. This study aimed to investigate the effect of adding different combinations of thiamine (5, 10, and 20 mg\/l) and biotein (0, 1 and 2 mg\/l) to culture medium on maturation of somatic embryos. Furthermore, the effect of MS-salt strength (\u00bc, \u00bd, \u00be and full strength) on maturation of embryos was investigated. Embryonic calli were obtained from shoot tips and primordial leaves of three dry date palm cultivars (Bartamoda, Sakkoty and Malkaby). Among the different treatments , a high frequency of mature embryos was proliferate from embryonic calli when cultured on \u00be MS + 10 mg\/l 2,4-D + 3 mg\/l 2iP + 10 mg\/l thiamine HCL + 1mg\/l biotein. This treatment gave 85.7 %, 92.5 % and 95.7% embryos with embryonic callus derived from shoot tip of Bartamoda, Malkaby and Sakkoty cultivars, respectively. However it was 58.7, 67.3 and 74.6 with those derived from primordial leaf explants of the three cultivars ,respectively. Then, the obtained embryos of the three cultivars were successfully developed to shoots when recultured onto hormone free of \u00be MS- salt medium.\" href=\"http:\/\/www.acgssr.org\/BioTechnology\/V102July2007\/Full_Paper\/p28.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http:\/\/www.acgssr.org\/BioTechnology\/V102July2007\/Full_Paper\/p28.pdf<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>TISSERAT 1979. Propagation of Date Palm {Phoenix dactylifera L.) in vitro.<\/strong> In: Journal of Experimental Botany, Vol. 30, No. 119,pp. 1275-1283, December 1979. Link: <a title=\"Abstract. Adventitious plantlets were obtained from lateral buds, shoot tips, embryos, and pieces of stem and rachilla tissue of Phoenix dactylifera L. cultured on a modified Murashige and Skoog medium containing 3 mg 1~' AHJ 2-isopentyl-adenine, 0-1-100 mg 1~' a-naphthalene-acetic acid or 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, and 3 g I&quot;1 activated charcoal. Additions of auxins were necessary to induce explants to produce callus, adventitious plantlets, and roots. Plantlets were obtained from explants cultured 3-4 months in vitro. No difference in growth responses between male and female explants was observed during culture. Complex addenda of activated charcoal and polyvinyl-pyrrolidone were tested in the nutrient media at various concentrations to prevent explant browning. Activated charcoal fostered satisfactory growth by reducing the browning and inhibition of growth of explants.\" href=\"http:\/\/jxb.oxfordjournals.org\/content\/30\/6\/1275.full.pdf#page=1&amp;view=FitH\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http:\/\/jxb.oxfordjournals.org\/content\/30\/6\/1275.full.pdf#page=1&amp;view=FitH<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div>\u00a0<\/div>\n<div><span style=\"color: #008000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>*<\/strong> <strong>SEX-DETERMINATION<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>Vid\u00e9o:<\/strong> <strong>Sex-determination of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera). <\/strong>Interview F. Aberlenc (DIADE IRD-France\/April 2013).<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"d\u00e9veloppement de marqueurs mol\u00e9culaires du palmier dattier.\" width=\"500\" height=\"375\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/TJcLxrF4liU?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>Un important programme de recherche a \u00e9t\u00e9 mis en \u0153uvre par l\u2019IRD (Montpellier-France), visant \u00e0 une d\u00e9termination pr\u00e9coce du sexe des palmiers, une recherche qui repr\u00e9sente un r\u00e9el enjeu \u00e9conomique pour les r\u00e9gions de production.<\/strong> <strong>A cet effet, ont \u00e9t\u00e9 identifi\u00e9s, dans le g\u00e9nome du palmier dattier, de nouveaux marqueurs mol\u00e9culaires de type microsatellite permettant, d&rsquo;une part, de caract\u00e9riser la diversit\u00e9 g\u00e9n\u00e9tique et d&rsquo;autre part, d&rsquo;identifier pr\u00e9cocement le sexe. Les marqueurs identifi\u00e9s produisent en effet des all\u00e8les males-sp\u00e9cifiques permettant de s\u00e9lectionner au jeune \u00e2ge les plants femelles qui produisent les dattes, sans attendre 6 \u00e0 8 ans les premi\u00e8res floraisons. <\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div>\u00a0<\/div>\n<div><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>Les r\u00e9f\u00e9rences qui suivent concernent l\u2019\u00e9tat actuel des recherches sur ce sujet.<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>ADAWY S.S., ATIA M.A.M., EL-ITRIBY H.A. 2015. Sex-Differentiation Based on Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization (FISH) with 5s and 45s rDNA of Egyptian Date Palm Trees. <\/strong>In: International Journal of Advanced Biotechnology and Research. Vol 6, Issue2, 2015, pp144-151. Link: <a title=\"ABSTRACT: The date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.), 2n=36, is a dioecious long-lived monocotyledonous plant, which belongs to the family Arecaceae. It is one of the excellent candidate crops in arid and semiarid regions of the world. Recently, fluorescence \" href=\"http:\/\/bipublication.com\/files\/IJABR-V6I2-2015-1.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http:\/\/bipublication.com\/<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>AL-MAHMOUD M.E., AL-DOUS E.K., AL-AZWANI E.K., MALEK J.A.. 2012. Dna-Based Assays To Distinguish Date Palm (Arecacee) Gender.<\/strong> In: American Journal of Botany: e7\u2013e10. 2012. Link: <a title=\"*Premise of the study: Date palm ( Phoenix dactylifera ) is one of the oldest cultivated trees and is critical to the development of arid land. The date palm is a dioecious monocot with separate male and female trees. This presents a challenge in development as it is impossible to distinguish trees until they \ufb02 ower approximately \ufb01 ve to eight years after planting. * Methods and Results: We have developed PCR-based assays capable of sex differentiation in multiple date palm cultivars. The primers are designed across gender-speci\ufb01 c polymorphisms and demonstrated greater than 90% accuracy in distinguishing date palm gender across multiple varieties. * Conclusions: These results indicate that the primers should be helpful in rapidly distinguishing date palm gender from the earli- est stages that DNA can safely be collected. This is a vast savings in time over present approaches.\" href=\"http:\/\/www.amjbot.org\/content\/99\/1\/e7.full.pdf+html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http:\/\/www.amjbot.org\/content\/99\/1\/e7.full.pdf+html<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>ELMEER K., MATTAT I. 2012. Marker-assisted sex differentiation in date palm using simple sequence repeats.<\/strong> In: 3 Biotech, 7p. Link: <a title=\"Abstract Microsatellite markers containing simple sequence repeats (SSRs) are a valuable tool for genetic analysis. Our objective was to identify microsatellite markers that could be used to differentiate between male and female date palm (Phoenix dactylifera). The date palm is a dioecious plant whose sex cannot be determined until it reaches a reproductive age between 5 and 10 years. An early selection and\/or differentiation of young seedlings into males and females could enhance breeding and assist research programs for genetic improvements of the date palm. Here, we report on the use of microsatellites for determining the sex of immature date palm. Using 14 microsatellite primer pairs with 129 date palm leaves and tissue culture samples from 34 cultivars which represent the major date palm diversity of Qatar, 254 microsatellite loci were detected, of these, 22 microsatellite loci could be used to identify 9 out of 12 male date palm samples (75%). The data also indicated that the heterozygous allele with the size 160\/190 produced by the primer mPdCIR048 reoccurred 4 times exclusively in the 12 individual male samples but not in any of the 117 female date palm samples tested, and hence it is a promising candidate marker to detect male sex in date palm. Principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) of 12 male samples with 7 female Khasab cultivars produced 2 autonomous groups of males and females and similar results were observed with 13 female Shishi culti- vars. Our results suggest that the SSR markers described here have potential in sex identi\ufb01cation of date palm.\" href=\"http:\/\/www.springerlink.com\/content\/u80h76wg4506tq28\/fulltext.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http:\/\/www.springerlink.com\/content\/u80h76wg4506tq28\/fulltext.pdf<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>JUAREZ C., BANKS J.A. 1998. Sex determination in plants.<\/strong> In: Curr Opin Plant Biol.\u00a01998 Feb;1(1):68-72. Link: <a title=\"Sex determination is the developmental decision that occurs during the plant life cycle that leads to the differentiation of the two organs or cells that produce the two gametes. In plants, there is great variation in where, when and how this decision occurs. Most angiosperm species produce perfect or hermaphroditic \ufb02owers, where male and female reproductive organs form in close proximity to one another within the same \ufb02ower. At the other end of the spectrum are the dioecious species, where each individual produces only male or female reproductive organs. This variation in sex expression indicates that there are many different sex-determining mechanisms in plants, each having evolved in concert with the ecological niche occupied by each species. Here we review recent studies of sex determination in Silene latifolia and Phoenix dactylifera, two dioecious angiosperms, Zea maize, a monoecious angiosperm, and Ceratopteris richardii, a homosporous fern, that together illustrate the diversity of sex-determining mechanisms in plants.\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ufv.br\/dbv\/pgfvg\/BVE684\/htms\/pdfs_revisao\/sinais\/Desenvolvimento\/sexdet.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http:\/\/www.ufv.br\/dbv\/pgfvg\/BVE684\/htms\/pdfs_revisao\/sinais\/Desenvolvimento\/sexdet.pdf<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>QACIF N., BENDIAB K., BAAZIZ M. 2006. Aspects qualitatif et quantitatif des peroxydases du palmier dattier Phoenix dactylifera L \u00e9tudi\u00e9s chez des pieds males et femelles.<\/strong> In: Deuxi\u00e8me Congr\u00e8s International de Biochimie. Agadir, Maroc, 9-12 Mai 2006, pp.179-181. Link: <a title=\"R\u00e9sum\u00e9 Dans le but de d\u00e9finir une strat\u00e9gie d\u2019am\u00e9lioration et de gestion des ressources g\u00e9n\u00e9tiques des palmeraies marginales, la distinction pr\u00e9coce des pieds m\u00e2les et femelles s\u2019av\u00e8re fortement recommand\u00e9e. L\u2019utilisation des marqueurs biochimiques et mol\u00e9culaires devient un pr\u00e9alable indispensable pour atteindre ce but. Les peroxydases (EC.1.11.1.7) sont des oxydo-r\u00e9ductases impliqu\u00e9es dans plusieurs processus dont la croissance des plantes et leur r\u00e9sistance aux contraintes. Afin d\u2019\u00e9tudier les propri\u00e9t\u00e9s physico-chimiques et catalytiques des peroxydases des folioles et des inflorescences du palmier dattier provenant de pieds m\u00e2les et femelles, une purification partielle de ces enzymes a \u00e9t\u00e9 r\u00e9alis\u00e9e par pr\u00e9cipitation au sulfate d\u2019ammonium suivie d\u2019une chromatographie sur Sephadex G25 et d\u2019une \u00e9lectrophor\u00e8se pr\u00e9parative sur des gels de polyacrylamide \u00e0 11%. L\u2019\u00e9lectrophor\u00e8se d\u2019extraits enzymatiques pr\u00e9par\u00e9s \u00e0 partir des folioles et des inflorescences m\u00e2les et femelles, a permis l\u2019obtention de zymogrammes montrant deux zones d\u2019activit\u00e9 (E1 et E2). L\u2019extrait correspondant aux inflorescences femelles repr\u00e9sente deux bandes suppl\u00e9mentaires au niveau de la deuxi\u00e8me zone E2. Le taux de purification atteint pour les fractions des folioles femelles est de l\u2019ordre de 46 fois et de 117 fois pour celles des m\u00e2les, alors qu\u2019il est de l\u2019ordre de 9.59 et 89.14 fois pour les fractions des inflorescences femelles et m\u00e2les, respectivement. Les peroxydases du palmier dattier sont caract\u00e9ris\u00e9es par une grande thermostabilit\u00e9 avec un pH optimum de 5,8.\" href=\"http:\/\/www.biotech-ecolo.net\/palmier-peroxydase-Qacif-2006.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http:\/\/www.biotech-ecolo.net\/palmier-peroxydase-Qacif-2006.pdf<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>SALTHUN-LASSALLE B. 2010. Le troisi\u00e8me sexe des plantes \u00e0 fleurs.<\/strong> In: Pour La Science.Fr 14\/04\/2010 Actualit\u00e9 Biologie v\u00e9g\u00e9tale, 3p. Link: <a title=\"Dans le contexte de l'\u00e9volution du sexe chez les plantes, les biologistes pensent que la transition s'est faite de l'hermaphrodisme vers la \u00ab dio\u00e9cie \u00bb, les individus d'une plante dio\u00efque \u00e9tant soit m\u00e2les, soit femelles. C'est notamment le cas du kiwi et du houx. Cette transition a n\u00e9cessit\u00e9 au moins deux \u00e9tapes g\u00e9n\u00e9tiques : la perte de la fonction m\u00e2le pour une partie des individus hermaphrodites et la perte de la fonction femelle pour les autres individus. La fleur est l'attribut le plus visible du groupe de plantes que l'on nomme les angiospermes, du grec \u00ab graine dans un r\u00e9cipient \u00bb. La fleur est aussi ce \u00ab r\u00e9cipient \u00bb o\u00f9 se trouvent les organes reproducteurs de la plante et o\u00f9 na\u00eetra la graine, issue de la f\u00e9condation. En effet, la plupart des angiospermes ont une reproduction sexu\u00e9e et 70 pour cent de ces plantes sont hermaphrodites, avec en g\u00e9n\u00e9ral des fleurs qui portent \u00e0 la fois un organe m\u00e2le (les \u00e9tamines contenant les grains de pollen) et un organe femelle (le gyn\u00e9c\u00e9e ou pistil contenant les ovules). Parfois, les syst\u00e8mes de reproduction sont plus complexes et les sexes sont s\u00e9par\u00e9s sur des individus diff\u00e9rents (m\u00e2les ou femelles, mais aussi hermaphrodites et femelles, ou hermaphrodites et m\u00e2les).\" href=\"http:\/\/www.pourlascience.fr\/ewb_pages\/a\/actualite-le-troisieme-sexe-des-plantes-a-fleurs-24941.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http:\/\/www.pourlascience.fr\/ewb_pages\/a\/actualite-le-troisieme-sexe-des-plantes-a-fleurs-24941.php<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>SNOUSSI H., DU JARDIN P., BEN ABDALLAH A., LEPOIVRE P. 2001. Assessment Of Genetic Variation Within Date Palm (Phoenix Dactylifera L.) Using Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (Aflp) \u2013 Genotyping Of Apomictic Seedlings As A Case Study.<\/strong> Link: <a href=\"http:\/\/www.pubhort.org\/datepalm\/datepalm2\/datepalm2_86.pdf\">http:\/\/www.pubhort.org\/<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>YOUNIS R.A.A., ISMAIL O.M., SOLIMAN S.S. 2008. Identification male and female of Date Palm Phoenix dactylifera L using RAPD and ISSR Techniques.<\/strong> In: Research Journal of Agriculture and Biological Sciences, 4(4): 278-284, 2008. Link: <a title=\"ABSTRACT. In this paper we have attempted to identify sex-specific DNA markers for some date palm cultivars using molecular technique (RAPD and ISSR) to facilitate the selection and identification of good male pollinators for further utilization in breeding programs to increase the yield and to improve some quality traits of fruits. To our knowledge, this is the first report of an analysis of gender genetic identification in date palm using both RAPD and ISSR analyses which gave three positive specific markers for females and two for males in RAPD analysis in addition to five positive specific markers for males in ISSR analysis. On the other hand, the level of polymorphism across cultivars was 70% and 87% as revealed by RAPD or ISSR, respectively. According to the documented publications, this is the first report of an analysis of gender genetic identification in date palm using both RAPD and ISSR analyses.\" href=\"http:\/\/www.aensiweb.com\/rjabs\/rjabs\/2008\/278-284.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http:\/\/www.aensiweb.com\/rjabs\/rjabs\/2008\/278-284.pdf<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>ZAHER H., BAAZIZ M. 2006. Contribution \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9tude de l\u2019identification des pieds males et femelles chez le palmier dattier Phoenix dactylifera L par l\u2019utilisation des marqueurs RAPD.<\/strong> In: Congr\u00e8s International de Biochimie. Agadir, 09-12 Mai 2006, pp. 69-72. Link\u00a0: <a title=\"R\u00e9sum\u00e9. La complexit\u00e9 du palmier dattier (Phoenix dactylifera L.) caract\u00e9ris\u00e9e par sa dio\u00efcie, sa haute h\u00e9t\u00e9rozygotie et sa croissance lente rend , auparavant, impossible la d\u00e9termination du sexe de la descendance d'un croisement au jeune \u00e2ge. Toutefois, les techniques des marqueurs mol\u00e9culaires fournissent des outils pour l'\u00e9tude de ce m\u00e9canisme afin d'assister les programmes d'am\u00e9lioration. Dans cette \u00e9tude, les marqueurs RAPD (Random Aamplified Polymorphism DNA) ont \u00e9t\u00e9 utilis\u00e9s pour l'identification du sexe chez 40 descendants de diff\u00e9rents croisements contr\u00f4l\u00e9s (20 m\u00e2les et 20 femelles). Apr\u00e8s extraction de l'ADN \u00e0 partir de jeunes folioles, l'utilisation de 27 amorces d\u00e9canucl\u00e9otidiques sur les bulks des m\u00e2les et des femelles a permis de s\u00e9lectionner 25 % des amorces pour leur capacit\u00e9 de d\u00e9tection du polymorphisme entre les deux bulks. Par la suite, ces amorces ont \u00e9t\u00e9 test\u00e9es chez les individus m\u00e2les et femelles s\u00e9par\u00e9ment. Cependant, l'analyse des profils RAPD individuels a montr\u00e9 une distribution al\u00e9atoire de la pr\u00e9sence de la bande \u00ab marqueur \u00bb chez les deux sexes. La technique RAPD peut \u00eatre adopt\u00e9e comme un outil pour l'identification du sexe au jeune \u00e2ge pour une \u00e9conomie de moyens et une r\u00e9duction des superficies exp\u00e9rimentales.\" href=\"http:\/\/www.biotech-ecolo.net\/palmier-rapd-zaher-2006.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http:\/\/www.biotech-ecolo.net\/palmier-rapd-zaher-2006.pdf<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><strong>5. GLOSSAIRE<\/strong><\/p>\n<div><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>An\u00e9mochorie<\/strong> : dispersion des graines par le vent.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>Allogamie: <\/strong>f\u00e9condation crois\u00e9e (ou interf\u00e9condation) entre deux individus distincts. Cette notion s&rsquo;oppose \u00e0 celle d&rsquo;autogamie, o\u00f9 les gam\u00e8tes femelles sont f\u00e9cond\u00e9s par les gam\u00e8tes m\u00e2les provenant d&rsquo;un m\u00eame individu (une fleur hermaphrodite effectuant une autopollinisation par exemple).<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>An\u00e9mogamie<\/strong> : adjectif qualifiant un mode de reproduction des plantes dans lequel le pollen est essentiellement v\u00e9hicul\u00e9 par le vent (syn. An\u00e9mophilie).<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>Angiosperme<\/strong> : plante \u00e0 graine enferm\u00e9e dans fruit (du grec \u00ab\u00a0aggeion\u00a0\u00bb = enveloppe et \u00ab\u00a0sperma\u00a0\u00bb = semence)<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>Anth\u00e8re<\/strong> : partie sup\u00e9rieure de l&rsquo;\u00e9tamine contenant le pollen.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>Autogamie<\/strong> : mode de reproduction des plantes dans lequel la f\u00e9condation s&rsquo;effectue sans recours au pollen d&rsquo;autres individus.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>auto pollinisation<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>Axile (placentation)<\/strong> : se dit lorsque les ovules sont ins\u00e9r\u00e9s, dans la partie centrale de l&rsquo;ovaire, le long des charni\u00e8res des di\u00e8dres form\u00e9s par les cloisons.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>Cantharophilie<\/strong>\u00a0: pollinisation par les col\u00e9opt\u00e8res<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>Carpelle<\/strong> : \u00e9l\u00e9ment de la fleur portant les ovules et formant, seul ou soud\u00e9 \u00e0 d&rsquo;autres, le pistil.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>Chasmogamie<\/strong> : se dit d&rsquo;une fleur dont le pollen est lib\u00e9r\u00e9 dans l&rsquo;environnement au moment de la pollinisation.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>Cl\u00e9istogamie<\/strong> : se dit d&rsquo;une fleur dont le pollen n&rsquo;est pas lib\u00e9r\u00e9 au moment de la pollinisation, et se reproduit par autof\u00e9condation.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>Diaspore<\/strong> : partie d&rsquo;une plante (graine, fruit, bourgeon, bulbille, etc.) se s\u00e9parant de celle-ci et assurant sa multiplication.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>Di\u00e9cie<\/strong> : se dit d&rsquo;une esp\u00e8ce dont les sexes sont s\u00e9par\u00e9s et port\u00e9s par des pieds diff\u00e9rents, m\u00e2les et femelles. Exemple : le palmier-dattier.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>Dio\u00efque<\/strong> : se dit d&rsquo;une plante dont les fleurs sont unisexu\u00e9es, m\u00e2les ou femelles, et sont port\u00e9es sur des individus diff\u00e9rents.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>Endozoochorie<\/strong> : mode de dispersion des graines apr\u00e8s transit intestinal chez des animaux.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>Entomogamie<\/strong> : mode de reproduction des plantes dans lequel le pollen est essentiellement v\u00e9hicul\u00e9 par des insectes.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>\u00c9pizoochorie<\/strong> : mode de dispersion des graines par transport sur le plumage ou le pelage des animaux.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>Extrorse<\/strong> : adjectif qualifiant une anth\u00e8re lib\u00e9rant son pollen vers l&rsquo;ext\u00e9rieur de la fleur, autrement dit vers les p\u00e9tales.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>Funicule<\/strong> : cordon reliant l&rsquo;ovule, et ensuite la graine, \u00e0 la paroi de l&rsquo;ovaire, au niveau du placenta.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>Geitonogamie <\/strong>: d\u00e9signe la f\u00e9condation d&rsquo;un ovaire par le pollen de fleurs diff\u00e9rentes, mais appartenant \u00e0 un m\u00eame individu.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>Gyn\u00e9c\u00e9e<\/strong> : synonyme de pistil (ensemble des organes femelles de la fleur).<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>Gynodio\u00efque<\/strong> : qualifie une plante dont certains plants ne portent que des fleurs femelles et d&rsquo;autres que des fleurs hermaphrodites, mais aucun ne porte de fleurs m\u00e2les.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>H\u00e9m\u00e9rochorie<\/strong> : plante diss\u00e9min\u00e9e hors de son habitat originel par l&rsquo;action directe ou indirecte de l&rsquo;homme.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>Hermaphrodisme<\/strong>: se dit des plantes portant des fleurs avec les organes des deux sexes (\u00e9tamines et pistil).<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>Heterosis<\/strong>: d\u00e9signe le fait que la descendance peut pr\u00e9senter des caract\u00e8res sup\u00e9rieurs \u00e0 ceux des g\u00e9niteurs<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>H\u00e9t\u00e9rostylie<\/strong> : polymorphisme floral sous contr\u00f4le g\u00e9n\u00e9tique affectant la longueur du style et des anth\u00e8res. Ce polymorphisme favorise la f\u00e9condation crois\u00e9e chez de nombreuses esp\u00e8ces v\u00e9g\u00e9tales hermaphrodites. Les esp\u00e8ces pr\u00e9sentant cette caract\u00e9ristique sont dites h\u00e9t\u00e9rostyles ou h\u00e9t\u00e9rostyl\u00e9es.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>Hologamie<\/strong> : se dit quand lors de la f\u00e9condation, c&rsquo;est l\u2019enti\u00e8ret\u00e9 des individus qui fusionnent.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>Hybride<\/strong> : plante dont les parents appartiennent \u00e0 des esp\u00e8ces ou sous-esp\u00e8ces diff\u00e9rentes, voire \u00e0 des genres diff\u00e9rents. Les hybrides sont souvent plus ou moins st\u00e9riles.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>Hybridog\u00e8ne<\/strong> : se dit d&rsquo;une esp\u00e8ce fertile d&rsquo;origine hybride.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>Mellitophilie<\/strong>\u00a0: pollinisation par les abeilles.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>Mono\u00efque<\/strong> : adjectif, se dit d&rsquo;une esp\u00e8ce dont tous les individus portent les deux sexes, dans des fleurs s\u00e9par\u00e9es.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>Myophilie<\/strong>\u00a0: pollinisation par les mouches.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>Myrm\u00e9cochorie<\/strong> : mode de dispersion des graines faisant appel aux fourmis.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>Ovaire<\/strong> : partie inf\u00e9rieure du pistil, form\u00e9e d&rsquo;une ou plusieurs loges, et contenant les ovules qui deviendront ensuite des graines apr\u00e8s f\u00e9condation.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>Ovule<\/strong> : organe contenu dans l&rsquo;ovaire renfermant la cellule femelle (oosph\u00e8re), qui fournira la graine apr\u00e8s f\u00e9condation par le pollen.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>P\u00e9rianthe<\/strong> : ensemble des enveloppes florales entourant les organes sexuels de la fleur. S&rsquo;utilise principalement lorsque cet ensemble est diff\u00e9renci\u00e9 en calice et corolle nettement distincts.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>Pistil<\/strong> : nom donn\u00e9 \u00e0 l&rsquo;ensemble des organes femelles de la fleur, entour\u00e9s par les \u00e9tamines.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>Placenta<\/strong> : partie int\u00e9rieure de l&rsquo;ovaire sur laquelle les ovules sont ins\u00e9r\u00e9s par l&rsquo;interm\u00e9diaire d&rsquo;un funicule.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>Pollen<\/strong> : poussi\u00e8re tr\u00e8s fine constitu\u00e9e de grains microscopiques produits dans l&rsquo;anth\u00e8re, chacun constituant un \u00e9l\u00e9ment reproducteur m\u00e2le.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>Polygamie<\/strong> : se dit d&rsquo;une plante portant sur le m\u00eame pied des fleurs hermaphrodites et des fleurs unisexu\u00e9es.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>Protandrie (ou prot\u00e9randrie)<\/strong> : se dit d&rsquo;un organisme dont les caract\u00e8res sexuels m\u00e2les sont matures et fonctionnels avant les caract\u00e8res sexuels femelles. Antonyme : protogyne. On dit aussi hermaphrodisme successif, ou hermaphrodisme s\u00e9quentiel<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>.<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>Protogynie<\/strong> : se dit d&rsquo;un organisme dont les caract\u00e8res sexuels femelles sont matures et fonctionnels avant les caract\u00e8res sexuels m\u00e2les. Antonyme : protandre.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>Pt\u00e9rogynie<\/strong> : se dit d&rsquo;une fleur hermaphrodite dont les carpelles sont m\u00fbrs avant que les \u00e9tamines ne lib\u00e8rent leur pollen.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>Reproduction sexu\u00e9e<\/strong>\u00a0: il s\u2019agit de la reproduction par graines.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>Reproduction v\u00e9g\u00e9tative<\/strong>\u00a0: il s\u2019agit de la reproduction par clonage.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>Stigmate<\/strong> : extr\u00e9mit\u00e9 plus ou moins renfl\u00e9e du carpelle ou du pistil o\u00f9 le pollen est d\u00e9pos\u00e9.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>Unisexu\u00e9<\/strong> : adjectif, se dit d&rsquo;une fleur soit uniquement m\u00e2le (ne poss\u00e9dant que des \u00e9tamines), soit uniquement femelle (ne poss\u00e9dant qu&rsquo;un pistil).<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>Xenogamie <\/strong>: qualifie une allogamie n\u00e9cessitant obligatoirement le pollen d&rsquo;un autre individu chez les plantes \u00e0 fleur.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<div>\n<div style=\"text-align: left;\">\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Citer cet article&nbsp;: CRP 2012. Description et caract\u00e9risation des palmiers du genre Phoenix: caract\u00e9risation g\u00e9n\u00e9tique du genre Phoenix.&nbsp;Chapitre 2\/3: propagation. R\u00e9dacteur Robert CASTELLANA.&nbsp;Statut: compte-rendu de&#8230;<\/p>\n<div class=\"more-link-wrapper\"><a class=\"more-link\" href=\"http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/?page_id=2300\">Continue reading<span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Propagation<\/span><\/a><\/div>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"parent":2272,"menu_order":2,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-2300","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry","entry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2300","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=2300"}],"version-history":[{"count":68,"href":"http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2300\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":13142,"href":"http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2300\/revisions\/13142"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2272"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=2300"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}