{"id":2301,"date":"2012-01-14T12:52:43","date_gmt":"2012-01-14T11:52:43","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.art.listephoenix.com\/?page_id=704"},"modified":"2025-01-11T14:33:51","modified_gmt":"2025-01-11T13:33:51","slug":"canariensis","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/?page_id=2301","title":{"rendered":"P. canariensis (SP)"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p><strong>Palmiculture et agrosyst\u00e8mes oasiens. CRP 2015. Monographies.\u00a0<\/strong>Ed. en Ligne.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n<div><span style=\"font-size: 16px;\"><span style=\"color: #008000;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>Le palmier des \u00eeles Canaries\u00a0(<em>Phoenix canariensis<\/em>)<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><span style=\"color: #008000;\"><strong>Histoire contemporaine d\u2019une diaspora embl\u00e9matique <\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\">Recension bibliographique publi\u00e9e dans la revue <a href=\"http:\/\/www.societepalmophilefrancophone.org\/pages\/association\/princeps.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Princeps (Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Palmophile Francophone)<\/a>, vol. 2-3, 2016-2017. Article originel: CASTELLANA R. 2014. CRP Ed (Revue en ligne).\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><em style=\"color: #000000; font-family: tahoma, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold;\">Phoenix canariensis<\/em><b style=\"color: #000000; font-family: tahoma, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;\"> est un palmier originaire des \u00eeles Canaries, un archipel situ\u00e9 au large des c\u00f4tes de l\u2019Afrique. Il est compos\u00e9 de sept \u00eeles volcaniques relevant de la souverainet\u00e9 espagnole. Introduit il y a 200 ans en Europe, ce palmier est devenu au cours du 20\u00e8me si\u00e8cle un palmier ornemental d&rsquo;importance mondiale. Sa distribution actuelle est principalement <\/b><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><b>p\u00e9ri-m\u00e9diterran\u00e9enne<\/b><\/span><\/span><b style=\"color: #000000; font-family: tahoma, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;\"> et nord-am\u00e9ricaine. Son existence est aujourd&rsquo;hui menac\u00e9e, tant dans son aire d&rsquo;origine que dans sa zone r\u00e9cente de diffusion. L&rsquo;int\u00e9grit\u00e9 des populations natives est ainsi soumise \u00e0 la pollution g\u00e9n\u00e9tique due aux esp\u00e8ces introduites (en particulier <\/b><\/span><em style=\"font-family: tahoma, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold;\">Phoenix dactylifera<\/em><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: tahoma, geneva, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><b>) et \u00e0 l&rsquo;introduction de plusieurs ravageurs. Quand aux plantes de la diaspora, elles sont en train de <\/b><\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: tahoma, geneva, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><b>dispara\u00eetre<\/b><\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: tahoma, geneva, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><b> suite \u00e0 la diffusion g\u00e9n\u00e9ralis\u00e9e du ravageur <em>Rhynchophorus ferrugineus<\/em>. Nos recherches sur les donn\u00e9es historiques et g\u00e9n\u00e9tiques de cette diaspora indiquent qu&rsquo;elle poss\u00e8de une base g\u00e9n\u00e9tique extr\u00eamement r\u00e9duite, provenant pour l\u2019essentiel d&rsquo;un lot de graines mis en culture au 19\u00e8me si\u00e8cle. La diversit\u00e9 et la structure g\u00e9n\u00e9tique de l&rsquo;esp\u00e8ce dans son milieu naturel demeuraient par contre m\u00e9connues jusqu\u2019\u00e0 ces derni\u00e8res ann\u00e9es. Cette recension s\u2019attache aussi \u00e0 d\u00e9crire l\u2019un des foyers historiques majeurs de l&rsquo;acclimatation et de la diffusion de ce palmier, la Riviera franco-italienne. <strong><em>P. canariensis<\/em> aparait ainsi comme l\u2019anc\u00eatre d\u2019un commerce de plus en plus d\u00e9r\u00e9gul\u00e9, dont il est en train de devenir une victime tout aussi embl\u00e9matique que l\u2019a \u00e9t\u00e9 son exemplaire diffusion. Une histoire qui pose la question du statut du v\u00e9g\u00e9tal \u00e0 l\u2019heure de la g\u00e9n\u00e9ralisation de l\u2019urbanisation et de la mondialisation.<\/strong><\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p>{tab=ECOLOGIE}<\/p>\n<div><span style=\"font-size: 11px;\"><a title=\"\" href=\"http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/01\/Map-La-Gomera.jpg\" target=\"\" rel=\"noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft size-medium wp-image-6876\" title=\"\" src=\"http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/01\/Map-La-Gomera-300x220.jpg\" alt=\"Map La Gomera\" width=\"300\" height=\"220\" srcset=\"http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/01\/Map-La-Gomera-300x220.jpg 300w, http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/01\/Map-La-Gomera-150x110.jpg 150w, http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/01\/Map-La-Gomera.jpg 535w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\">Ill. L\u2019Archipel des Canaries et l\u2019\u00eele de la Gomera, la plus int\u00e9ressante en mati\u00e8re de diversit\u00e9 (NOGUE et alii 2013)<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><span style=\"color: #008000;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>C\u2019est en 1882 que <em>Phoenix canariensis<\/em> est d\u00e9crit, par CHABAUD, en tant qu\u2019esp\u00e8ce distincte du palmier dattier, <em>Phoenix dactylifera<\/em>. Les descriptions botaniques ont consid\u00e9rablement \u00e9volu\u00e9 depuis cette \u00e9poque. Elles permettent d\u00e9sormais de mieux comprendre la popularit\u00e9 de <em>Phoenix canariensis<\/em> comme arbre d\u2019ornement, due \u00e0 3 facteurs qui lui sont propres\u00a0: sa croissance rapide, sa vigueur et sa r\u00e9sistance au froid. Il n\u2019existe pas, cependant, l\u2019\u00e9quivalent des riches descripteurs \u00e9labor\u00e9s pour le palmier dattier. Des travaux r\u00e9cents sont en train de combler ces lacunes, en mati\u00e8re de botanique comme de g\u00e9n\u00e9tique. <\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"color: #008000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>SOMMAIRE<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"color: #008000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>1.1 Habitat et distribution (MORICI, 1998)<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"color: #008000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>1.2 Description de l\u2019architecture des palmiers (DAVIS, 1971)<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"color: #008000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>1.3 Diversit\u00e9 g\u00e9n\u00e9tique (SARO HERNANDEZ, 2001)<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"color: #008000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>1.4 Bibliographie en ligne<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><\/div>\n<div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><span style=\"color: #008000;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>1.1 Habitat et distribution<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 11px;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/01\/Map-Canariensis-Distribution.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft size-medium wp-image-6909\" src=\"http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/01\/Map-Canariensis-Distribution-199x300.jpg\" alt=\"Map Canariensis Distribution\" width=\"199\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/01\/Map-Canariensis-Distribution-199x300.jpg 199w, http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/01\/Map-Canariensis-Distribution-99x150.jpg 99w, http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/01\/Map-Canariensis-Distribution.jpg 282w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 199px) 100vw, 199px\" \/><\/a><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\">Ill. Distribution des palmiers dans les diff\u00e9rentes \u00eeles de l\u2019Archipel des Canaries (NARANJO et alii 2009)<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><em style=\"color: #000000; font-family: tahoma, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold;\">Phoenix canariensis<\/em><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: tahoma, geneva, sans-serif;\"><b> est in\u00e9galement r\u00e9parti de nos jours dans l\u2019archipel. Il est tr\u00e8s rare sur les deux \u00eeles orientales les plus s\u00e8ches, Lanzarote et Fuerteventura, tandis que sur les autres \u00eeles, il fait originellement partie de la v\u00e9g\u00e9tation thermophile, soit l\u2019\u00e9tage m\u00e9diterran\u00e9en dit subx\u00e9rique (<\/b><\/span><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, geneva, sans-serif;\"><b>mod\u00e9r\u00e9ment<\/b><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: tahoma, geneva, sans-serif;\"><b>\u00a0sec).<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\">Habitat<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\">Si la v\u00e9g\u00e9tation thermophile a presque disparu \u00e0 pr\u00e9sent, il existe d\u2019autres associations \u00e9cologiques, appel\u00e9es \u00abpalmerales\u00bb, o\u00f9 <em>P. canariensis<\/em> est l\u2019esp\u00e8ce dominante, souvent associ\u00e9e \u00e0 <em>Juniperus phoenicea<\/em> et\/ou <em>Dracaena draco<\/em> (l\u2019arbre sang dragon). <em>P. canariensis<\/em> peut \u00e9galement contribuer \u00e0 une autre communaut\u00e9 \u00e9cologique appel\u00e9e la laurisylve. La laurisylve est une for\u00eat subtropicale bien repr\u00e9sent\u00e9e en Macron\u00e9sie (\u00eeles Canaries, de Mad\u00e8re et des A\u00e7ores), principalement compos\u00e9e d&rsquo;arbres de la famille des Lauraceae et autres \u00ab\u00a0laurifoli\u00e9s\u00a0\u00bb. Il est rare d\u2019observer des palmiers sauvages dans cet environnement, mais quand cela se pr\u00e9sente, ils prennent une apparence \u00ab\u00a0plumeuse\u00a0\u00bb, sans doute influenc\u00e9e par l\u2019ombrage et l\u2019humidit\u00e9, comme par exemple la population observ\u00e9e dans la partie basse de la for\u00eat pr\u00e8s de Teno (Tenerife).<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\">Distribution<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\">* La Gomera. L&rsquo;\u00eele la plus int\u00e9ressante pour les palmiers est La Gomera, o\u00f9 des milliers de <em>P. canariensis<\/em> vivent dans les paysages les plus divers, du d\u00e9sert \u00e0 des chutes d&rsquo;eau, montrant tous les facies possibles que ce grand palmier peut exploiter.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\">* Gran Canaria. Dans Gran Canaria, la d\u00e9gradation de l&rsquo;environnement caus\u00e9e par l&rsquo;homme au cours des derniers si\u00e8cles a r\u00e9duit la population de palmiers sauvages \u00e0 de petits peuplements isol\u00e9s.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\">* Les \u00eeles de l&rsquo;Est. Lanzarote et Fuefteventura, en raison de leur faible altitude et la proximit\u00e9 de l&rsquo;Afrique, poss\u00e8dent un paysage beaucoup plus aride. Les palmiers de ces \u00eeles, beaucoup moins fournis que ceux de La Gomera, pr\u00e9sentent toutefois un aspect particulier, en raison de leur adaptation \u00e0 l&rsquo;aridit\u00e9 et leur association avec les arbustes <em>Tarnarix africana<\/em> et <em>T. canariensis.<\/em><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\">Le palmier des Canaries est l&rsquo;un des palmiers les plus cultiv\u00e9s \u00e0 travers le monde [car] il tol\u00e8re le froid et la chaleur, la s\u00e9cheresse et les inondations, l&rsquo;ombre et le soleil, l\u2019\u00e9cume marine ainsi que le climat de montagne.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\">*Source: <strong>MORICI C. 1998<\/strong>. <em>Phoenix canariensis<\/em> in the Wild. In: Principes, 42(2), 1998, pp.85-93. Link <a title=\"Abstract Typology of distribution In present times Phoenix canariensis is sparsely and unevenly distributed on all the islands of the Canaries. It is very scarce on the two drier eastern islands of Latzarore and Fuerteventura and on the other islands it grows at lower altitudes in the northern section of the islands, where it forms part of the bosque termofilo, a mediterranean subxeric (slightly dry) area. If the bosque termofilo is almost gone, there are some other ecological communities, known as &quot;palrnerales,&quot; that have P. canariensis as a dominant species often associated with Juniperus phoenicea and\/or Dracaena draco (dragon tree). P. canariensis may also contribute to another ecological community called laurisilva. Laurisilva is a sort of subtropical cloud forest endemic to the Canary Islands, Madeira, and the Azores, mostly composed of trees of the Lauraceae family and other &quot;laurifolious&quot; trees. It is unusual to see wild palms growing in this environment but when it happens they take on a more &quot;plumose&quot; appearance as in the population observed in the lower range of the forest near Teno, Tenerife. Distribution in different islands *La Gomera. The most interesting island of all for palms is La Gomera: thousands of P. canariensis live in the most diverse landscapes, from desert to waterfalls, showing every possible aspect that this mighty palm can assume. *Gran Canaria. In Gran Canaria the environmental deterioration caused by man during the last centuries reduced the wild palm population to small isolated stands. *The Eastern lslands. Lanzarote and Fuefteventura, due to their lower altitude and closeness to Africa, show a much more arid landscape.The palm stands of these islands are much less charming than those of La Gomera but are anyway peculiar, due to their adaptation to aridity and association with the shrubs Tarnarix africana and T. canariensis. The palmera canaria is one of the most grown palm trees throughout the world [because] it tolerates cold and warmth, drought and floods, shade and sun, and salt spray as well as mountain climate.\" href=\"http:\/\/www.palms.org\/principes\/1998\/vol42n2p85-8992-93.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http:\/\/www.palms.org\/<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><\/div>\n<div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #008000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>1.2 Description de l\u2019architecture des palmiers<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 11px;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/01\/Phoenix-Canariensis-Phyllotaxie.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft size-medium wp-image-6910\" src=\"http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/01\/Phoenix-Canariensis-Phyllotaxie-198x300.jpg\" alt=\"Phoenix Canariensis Phyllotaxie\" width=\"198\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/01\/Phoenix-Canariensis-Phyllotaxie-198x300.jpg 198w, http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/01\/Phoenix-Canariensis-Phyllotaxie-99x150.jpg 99w, http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/01\/Phoenix-Canariensis-Phyllotaxie.jpg 235w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 198px) 100vw, 198px\" \/><\/a><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\">Ill. exemples de description phyllotaxique de palmiers de diff\u00e9rentes esp\u00e8ces<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\">D\u00e8s les ann\u00e9es 1970, la d\u00e9couverte de l\u2019angle dit phyllotaxique allait poser les bases d\u2019une description botanique exhaustive des palmiers. Propre \u00e0 chaque esp\u00e8ce de palmiers, cet angle concerne la distance d\u2019\u00e9mission entre chaque feuille. Il aboutit \u00e0 une disposition en spirale relevant de la suite dite de Fibonacci. D\u00e9velopp\u00e9e \u00e0 la m\u00eame \u00e9poque, la compr\u00e9hension de l\u2019architecture des plantes permet d\u00e9sormais la mod\u00e9lisation des palmiers dans leur ensemble.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\">Phyllotaxie des palmiers<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\">Les diff\u00e9rentes esp\u00e8ces de palmiers poss\u00e8dent des nombres diff\u00e9rents de spirales foliaires. Par exemple, chez <em>Areca catechu<\/em> (Fig. 1), ou<em> Ptychosperma macarthurii<\/em>, une seule spirale foliaire est visible, tandis que pour le palmier \u00e0 sucre (<em>Arenga saccharifern<\/em>) (Fig. 2), ou chez <em>Arenga pinnata<\/em>, deux spirales sont visibles. Chez <em>Borassus flabellifer<\/em> (fig. 3), ou <em>Corypha elata<\/em>, ainsi qu&rsquo;un certain nombre d&rsquo;autres esp\u00e8ces de palmiers, trois spirales sont clairement \u00e9videntes. Le cocotier (<em>Cocos nucifera<\/em>) ainsi que <em>Copernicia<\/em> (Fig. 4) ont cinq spirales, tandis que le palmier \u00e0 huile (<em>Elaeis guineensis<\/em>) (fig. 5) en porte huit. Le palmier dattier dit \u2018sauvage\u2019 (Phoenix sylvestris) et quelques autres esp\u00e8ces de palmiers montrent \u00e9galement huit spirales.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><em><strong><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\">Phoenix canariensis<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/em><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\">Sur les stipes robustes du palmier des Canaries (<em>Phoenix canariensis<\/em>) (fig. 6), treize spirales peuvent \u00eatre observ\u00e9es, et m\u00eame vingt et une dans certains cas. Il est surprenant que tous les chiffres mentionn\u00e9s ci-dessus (1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13 et 21) se trouvent \u00eatre les nombres de la suite de Fibonacci [soit 1+1=2, 2+1=3, 3+2=5, 5+3=8, etc.]. On ne connait pas de palmiers portant 4, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11 ou 12 spires foliaires.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\">*Source\u00a0: <strong>DAVIS TA 1971<\/strong>. Why Fibonacci sequence for palm leaf spirals? May 1971 (237-244). Link <a title=\"Abstract. Different species of palms display different numbers of leaf spirals. For example, in the arecanut palm (Areca catechu) (Fig. 1), or the ornamental Ptychosperma macarthurii palm, only a single foliar spiral is discernible, while in the sugar palm (Arenga saccharifern) (Fig. 2), or Arenga pinnata, two spirals each are visible. In the palmyra palm (Borassus flabellifer) (Fig. 3), or Corypha elata, as well as a number of other species of palms, three clear spirals are visible. The coconut palm (Cacos nucifera) as well as Copernicia spirals (Fig. 4) have five spirals, while the African oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) (Fig. 5) bears eight spirals. The wild date palm (Phoenix sylvestris) and a few other species of palms also show eight spirals. On the stout trunks of the Canary Island palm (Phoenix canariensis) (Fig. 6), thirteen spirals can. be observed. Also in some of these palms, twenty-one spirals can be made out. It is surprising that all the above-mentioned numbers (1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13 and 21) happen to be Fibonacci numbers. Palms bearing 4, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11 or 12 obvious leaf spirals are not known.\" href=\"http:\/\/www.fq.math.ca\/Scanned\/9-3\/davis1.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http:\/\/www.fq.math.ca\/<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\">En savoir plus sur la mod\u00e9lisation<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\">Notre site web propose une description tr\u00e8s compl\u00e8te des techniques actuelles de mod\u00e9lisation de l\u2019architecture des palmiers \u00e0 cette adresse\u00a0: <a href=\"http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/?page_id=2299\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><\/div>\n<div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #008000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>1.3 Diversit\u00e9 g\u00e9n\u00e9tique<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 11px;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/01\/Phoenix-Dateclade-haplotypes.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft size-medium wp-image-6911\" src=\"http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/01\/Phoenix-Dateclade-haplotypes-300x210.jpg\" alt=\"Phoenix Dateclade haplotypes\" width=\"300\" height=\"210\" srcset=\"http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/01\/Phoenix-Dateclade-haplotypes-300x210.jpg 300w, http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/01\/Phoenix-Dateclade-haplotypes-150x105.jpg 150w, http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/01\/Phoenix-Dateclade-haplotypes.jpg 935w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\">Ill. Pintaud et al. 2010<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\">La g\u00e9n\u00e9tique a permis d\u2019\u00e9laborer une classification dite phylog\u00e9n\u00e9tique des plantes. Elle se pr\u00e9sente sous une forme similaire \u00e0 un arbre g\u00e9n\u00e9alogique, o\u00f9 chaque esp\u00e8ce prend place lors de son apparition. 16 marqueurs microsatellites nucl\u00e9aires ou SSR, ont \u00e9t\u00e9 utilis\u00e9s pour l\u2019\u00e9tude du genre Phoenix, par les laboratoires de l\u2019IRD, de l\u2019INRA et du CNRS de Montpellier (France). Les analyses de g\u00e9notypage ont montr\u00e9 l&rsquo;utilit\u00e9 de la plupart de ces marqueurs SSR dans un \u00e9chantillon de 11 esp\u00e8ces de Phoenix. Ils ont plus particuli\u00e8rement mis en \u00e9vidence l\u2019existence d\u2019un \u2018clade\u2019 compos\u00e9 de 5 esp\u00e8ces affines: <em>P. dactylifera, P. atlantica, P. canariensis, P. theophrasti <\/em>et<em> P. sylvestris.<\/em><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\">Projet de caract\u00e9risation g\u00e9n\u00e9tique et de conservation de la palmeraie des Iles Canaries.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\">L&rsquo;Universit\u00e9 de las Palmas (Gran Canaria-Spain), en collaboration avec l&rsquo;IRD (Montpellier-France) a engag\u00e9 en 2010 une recherche portant sur la structuration g\u00e9n\u00e9tique de l&rsquo;esp\u00e8ce et les flux de g\u00e8nes intersp\u00e9cifiques. Elle concerne environ 40 populations r\u00e9parties sur 7 \u00eeles. Cette \u00e9tude avait aussi pour but d\u2019\u00e9laborer des mesures conservatoires. Les objectifs de la pr\u00e9sente \u00e9tude, men\u00e9e \u00e0 l&rsquo;aide de microsatellites sp\u00e9cifiques, sont de\u00a0:<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\">1) d\u00e9terminer la variabilit\u00e9 g\u00e9n\u00e9tique de 35 \u00e0 40 populations naturelles de <em>Phoenix canariensis<\/em> (environ 850 \u00e0 1200 exemplaires), localis\u00e9es dans les sept \u00eeles de l&rsquo;archipel des Canaries, et estimer la diff\u00e9renciation g\u00e9n\u00e9tique et les relations entre les populations \u00e0 diff\u00e9rentes \u00e9chelles : microg\u00e9ographique, intra et inter-\u00eeles.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\">2) d\u00e9terminer l&rsquo;incidence de l&rsquo;introgression dans les populations naturelles de <em>Phoenix canariensis<\/em>, et trouver un marqueur mol\u00e9culaire en mesure de distinguer sans ambigu\u00eft\u00e9 le palmier des Canaries des dattiers et taxons.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\">3) \u00e9valuer le flux g\u00e9n\u00e9tique et de la dispersion du pollen de <em>Phoenix canariensis<\/em> dans les populations naturelles \u00e0 travers l&rsquo;analyse de paternit\u00e9 et estimer son impact sur les structures g\u00e9n\u00e9tiques intra et interpopulations.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\">4) sugg\u00e9rer de nouvelles sources de semences catalogu\u00e9es comme mat\u00e9riau de base pour la production de mat\u00e9riel forestier de <em>Phoenix canariensis<\/em> identifi\u00e9.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\">5) \u00e9tablir des lignes directrices d&rsquo;action dans un souci de gestion des populations naturelles de palmiers, et transmettre les r\u00e9sultats et les conclusions obtenues aux institutions insulaires en charge de la conservation et de la pr\u00e9servation.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\">6) cr\u00e9er un syst\u00e8me d&rsquo;information g\u00e9ographique (SIG), qui permettra le g\u00e9or\u00e9f\u00e9rencement de chaque population et palmier, avec toutes les variables analys\u00e9es.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\">*Source: <strong>IRD (Institut de Recherche pour le D\u00e9veloppement-France) \/ULP (Universita de Las Palmas-Spain)<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #008000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><strong><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\">1.4 Bibliographie en ligne<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>BALL E. 1941. Development of ShootApex &amp; Primary Thickening Meristem in Phoenix canariensis Chaub., with Comparisons to Washingtonia filifera Wats and Trachycarpus excelsa Wendl.<\/strong> In American Journal of Botany, Vol. 28, No. 9. (Nov., 1941), pp. 820-832. Link <a title=\"Abstract. The shoot apices of Phoenix canariensis, Phoenix dactylifera, Washingtonia filifera and Trachycarpus excelsa are small in size and their structure is highly evolved. All cell walls of these apices are anisotropic. Numerous simple pit pairs occur in these youngest cell walls of the plant. They differ only in their lesser degree of development from those of mature parenchyma cells. Conspicuous thickenings, which do not persist in mature tissues, occur in these cell walls. During development of P. canariensis from embryo to maturity there is a constant increase in the volume of the shoot apex until a maximum is at-tained, before the plant begins to grow in height. I n the mature palm with a tall trunk the shoot apex has a slightly smaller volume. The average cell volume in the shoot apex increases slightly during develop- mental stages of the palm, but at maturity it is only slightly greater than it is in the embryo. There is little variation in cell volume in the shoot apex during any stage of development. The nuclei appear to be of three types in apices showing the acid fixation image ;large, lightly-stain- ing; large, densely-staining; and small, densely-staining ones. Cells with nuclei of intermediate size and staining reaction are frequent. I n apices killed in fluids that give the basic fixation image, the size variations are also evident, but all nuclei stain with equal intensity in haemotoxylin. Only after young plants of Phoenix canariensis have attained a shoot diameter of 5 cm. do their shoot apices exhibit the zonation of tissues that is charac- teristic of the terminal meristems of mature plants. The shoot apices of smaller plants have a more deli- cate aspect. Coincident with this change in zonation of tissues of the shoot apex there is a pronounced increase in its volume. The shoot apex and the primary thickening meri- stem have a certain independence of each other in the processes of growth of the shoot. The primary thickening meristem goes through a definite develop- mental history. In the embryo it is a flat zone of tis- sue beneath the leaf and sheath primordia. I n the seedling stages it is a steep cone. During succeed- ing growth stages it is again a flat zone, and finally a concave region that produces the bulk of the tissues of the stem. I n the growth of the palm to maturity, the primary thickening meristem contributes at first largely to the diameter of the shoot, and later to the height of the stem. Beneath the bowl-shaped meri- stematic zone of a mature palm long files of cells may be observed that add to stem length. The primary thickening meristem owes its origin to periclinal divi- sions that occur beneath the attachment surface of very young leaf and sheath primordia. It does not have an initial cell layer like that of true cambia, but is &quot;tiered&quot; like the young cambia of certain woody members of the Liliaceae. Provascular strands originate in two fashions in these palms. Their minor source is the tissue pro- duced by the shoot apex, and their major source is the tissut produced by the large area of the primary thickening meristem. From a phylogenetic point of view, these palms are considered to have achieved a massive plant body by the development of a specialized meristem apart from the shoot apex itself. The cycads, on the other hand, may represent the opposite extreme since they have the largest shoot apices of any seed plant and have achieved the massive plant body largely by the activity of the shoot apex.\" href=\"http:\/\/links.jstor.org\/sici?sici=0002-9122%28194111%2928%3A9%3C820%3ATDOTSA%3E2.0.CO%3B2-7\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http:\/\/links.jstor.org\/<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>SOSA P.A\u00a0., BOUZA N., CABRERA-PEREZ M.A. 1998. Genetic variation of Phoenix canariensis populations of gran canaria using isozyme electrophoresis.<\/strong> In\u00a0: Bol. Mus. Mun.\u00a0 Funchal, Sup.\u00a0 no.\u00a0 5:\u00a0 443-448,\u00a0 1998. Link\u00a0: <a title=\"Abstract. The paper describes the preliminary results obtained using electrophoresis techniques to characterise genetically two Phoenix species present in the Canaiy Islands. Electrophoretic techniques were used to asses the degree of genetic variation and genetic differentiation among the Canarian palm {Phoenix ccmariensis) and the date palm (Phoenix daclylifera) from Gran Canaria (Canary Islands). 24 putative alleles (from  12 loci) were interpreted  from  the  isozyme  banding  patterns.  The  genetic  variation,  measured  as polymorphism, number mean alleles per locus and heterozygosity, was higher for Phoenix ccmariensis populations.  Three loci (SOD-2, EST-2 and PGM-1) were exclusive of the canarian  palm  populations,  indicating  that  they  can  be  used  as  diagnostic  loci  to differentiate both species.\" href=\"http:\/\/dspace.cm-funchal.pt\/bitstream\/100\/880\/1\/Bolmmf_s05B_1998_pp443-448.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http:\/\/dspace.cm-funchal.pt\/<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>GONZALEZ-PEREZ M.A., CAUJAPE-CASTELLS J., SOSA P.A. 2004. Allozyme variation and structure of the Canarian endemic palm tree Phoenix canariensis (Arecaceae).<\/strong> Implications for conservation. In Heredity (2004) 93, 307\u2013315. Link: <a title=\"Abstract. Electrophoretic analysis of 18 allozyme loci was used to estimate the levels and structuring of genetic variation within and among natural populations of the protected endemic palm species from the Canary Islands (Phoenix canariensis) to evaluate its genetic relationship with the widespread congener P. dactylifera, and to assess comparatively the genetic variation in the populations where the two species coexist with morphologically intermediate plants (mixed populations). Our survey revealed that the within-population component explains roughly 75% of the genetic variation levels  detected  in  P.  canariensis  (A \u00bc 1.59;  P \u00bc 41.8; He \u00bc 0.158), which rank higher than those reported for other species of the Arecaceae. A Principal Component analysis (PCA) based on allele frequencies consistently separates populations of P. canariensis and P. dactylifera, and reveals a close genetic relationship between P. canariensis and the mixed populations. Reduced levels of genetic variation in P. canariensis with respect to P. dactylifera, the fact that the genetic makeup of the Canarian endemic (with no unique alleles) is a subset of that found in P. dactylifera, and the high genetic identity between both species strongly suggest that P. canariensis is recently derived from a common ancestor closely related to P. dactylifera.\" href=\"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/hdy\/journal\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http:\/\/www.nature.com\/hdy\/journal\/<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>MORICI C. 2006. La Palmera Canaria: Phoenix canariensis.<\/strong> In Rincones del Atlantico, N\u00b0 3. Link <a title=\"Abstract. Las palmeras canarias tienen los sexos separados sobre individuos distintos y es f\u00e1cil distinguirlos. Las palmeras hembras producen inflorescencias m\u00e1s grandes y abiertas, con flores espaciadas que pronto se convierten en frutos. Los machos presentan inflorescencias m\u00e1s peque\u00f1as y cerradas (escobas) densamente cubiertas de flores que producen polen abundante. Existe cierto dimorfismo sexual en el porte de las plantas adultas, lo cual es rar\u00edsimo en las palmeras y en las plantas en general: los machos suelen poseer una copa m\u00e1s compacta y\u201cachatada\u201d, comprimida en el eje de la altura, y las hembras una copa m\u00e1s abierta y redondeada. La \u00e9poca de floraci\u00f3n es variable y suele desarrollarse antes de la estaci\u00f3n fr\u00eda y h\u00fameda, cuando el viento y los insectos transportan el polen hasta las hembras. Los frutos dulces y fuertemente coloreados maduran a lo largo de la estaci\u00f3n seca y c\u00e1lida y son dispersados por algunas aves que los ingieren enteros. Otros p\u00e1jaros act\u00faan de depredadores, pues comen solamente la pulpa carnosa y dejan caer la semilla al pie de la madre, donde generalmente no prosperan. Los frutos muy a menudo son atacados por unos gorgojos que abren galer\u00edas en la semilla, que muere si el embri\u00f3n es alcanzado. Las semillas, a\u00fan pudiendo germinar de inmediato, son capaces de resistir m\u00e1s de un a\u00f1o de conservaci\u00f3n en fr\u00edo (+4\u00b0 C) y varios meses en la tierra seca del medio natural, cosa poco com\u00fan en una familia caracterizada por la breve duraci\u00f3n de sus semillas. El tipo de germinaci\u00f3n permite que las pl\u00e1ntulas comiencen su vida ligeramente enterradas y protegidas de las sequ\u00edas de sus primeros veranos. La semilla produce un \u201ccord\u00f3n\u201d llamado pec\u00edolo cotiledonar que crece en la tierra hacia abajo y lleva en su punta el embri\u00f3n, que dar\u00e1 lugar a hojas y ra\u00edces. Durante aproximadamente un a\u00f1o el pec\u00edolo cotiledonar actuar\u00e1 de cord\u00f3n umbilical entre la pl\u00e1ntula y la semilla. A la germinaci\u00f3n sigue una larga fase de establecimiento en la que las plantas j\u00f3venes aumentan el tama\u00f1o de sus hojas y construyen la base del tronco. El establecimiento dura de 5 a 8 a\u00f1os y finaliza con la primera floraci\u00f3n que marca el comienzo de la edad adulta. En esta especie la madurez sexual llega muy temprano, ya que las palmeras pueden florecer con medio metro de lo que parece un tronco. Este tallo corto en realidad no es un tronco verdadero, pues todo lo que vemos son las bases de las hojas que forman el cogollo. Durante estas primeras floraciones el \u00e1pice est\u00e1 todav\u00eda a nivel del suelo y el verdadero tronco de estas j\u00f3venes adultas est\u00e1 todav\u00eda a ras de suelo y se parece a un disco, que tiene el di\u00e1metro definitivo pero mide escasos cent\u00edmetros de altura. Una vez alcanzada la madurez sexual y con ello el di\u00e1metro de base definitivo, los troncos comienzan a crecer en altura. Su velocidad es muy variable y seg\u00fan las condiciones resulta en 5-40 cm por a\u00f1o. Al igual que en la mayor\u00eda de especies de palmera, los troncos no aumentan de di\u00e1metro con el paso del tiempo. Por ello a\u00fan teniendo di\u00e1metros iguales o parecidos, las palmeras j\u00f3venes aparentan un tronco \u201csobredimensionado\u201d y las m\u00e1s altas parecen tener troncos \u201cesbeltos\u201d. En la especie canaria esta ilusi\u00f3n \u00f3ptica es acentuada porque los ejemplares j\u00f3venes tienen el tronco agigantado por los restos de las hojas que los forran y que tardan d\u00e9cadas en deshacerse. El crecimiento es continuo a lo largo del a\u00f1o pero se concentra en flujos de nuevas hojas que coinciden con una mejora clim\u00e1tica: el comienzo del calor en las zonas m\u00e1s fr\u00edas y las primeras lluvias en las zonas m\u00e1s secas.\" href=\"http:\/\/www.rinconesdelatlantico.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http:\/\/www.rinconesdelatlantico.com\/<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>BRANDES D. 2007. Epiphytes on Phoenix canariensis in Dalmatia (Croatia).<\/strong> Link <a title=\"Abstract. Epiphytes are a characteristic life form of perhumid tropical rain forests. In Mediterranean ecosystems epiphytic vegetation is restricted to some special habitats, just as in the temperate regions. An almost disregarded microhabitat for epiphytes exists in tourist centres in coastal regions around the Mediterranean Sea, where Phoenix canariensis is widely planted in coastal avenues. Remarkable are the epiphytes in the lower crown area of the palms, where the armpits of cut palm leafs form good growing places which have especially in winter half-year good water supply. There exist only some 3 papers on epiphytic vegetation on Phoenix canariensis (MAIRE 1942, RICHTER 1985, BRANDES 2001). In 2006 the epiphytic vegetation on Phoenix canariensis was monitored in central and southern parts of Dalmatia (e.g. Split, Omi\u0161, Ba\u0161ka Voda, Makarska, Dubrovnik). In total 42 species growing on Ph. canariensis were recorded growing on the upper part of the stems. Contrary to Italy (RICHTER 1985) no spontaneous vegetation was found in the lower parts of the trunks.\" href=\"http:\/\/rzbl04.biblio.etc.tu-bs.de:8080\/docportal\/servlets\/MCRFileNodeServlet\/DocPortal_derivate_00003893\/epiphytes.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http:\/\/rzbl04.biblio.etc.tu-bs.de:8080\/<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>NARANJO A, SOSA P, MARQUEZ M 2009. Palmerales de Phoenix canariensis End\u00e9micos Canarios. <\/strong>In\u00a0: Bases ecol\u00f3gicas preliminares para la conservaci\u00f3n de los tipos de h\u00e1bitat de inter\u00e9s comunitario en Espa\u00f1a, Direcci\u00f3n General de Medio Natural y Pol\u00edtica Forestal (Ministerio de Medio Ambiente y Medio Rural y Marino), 52p. Link\u00a0: <a title=\"Abstract 1.  PRESENTACI\u00d3N GENERAL 1.1.   C\u00f3digo y nombre 1.2.   Descripci\u00f3n 1.3.   Esquema sintaxon\u00f3mico 1.4.   Distribuci\u00f3n geogr\u00e1fica 2.  CARACTERIZACI\u00d3N ECOL\u00d3GICA 2.1.   Regiones naturales 2.2.   Factores biof\u00edsicos de control 2.3.   Subtipos 16 2.4.   Especies de los anexos II, IV y V 2.5.   Exigencias ecol\u00f3gicas 3.  EVALUACI\u00d3N DEL ESTADO DE CONSERVACI\u00d3N 3.1.   Determinaci\u00f3n y seguimiento de la superficie ocupada 3.2.   Identificaci\u00f3n y evaluaci\u00f3n de las especies t\u00edpicas 3.3.   Evaluaci\u00f3n de la estructura y funci\u00f3n 3.3.1.   Factores, variables y\/o \u00edndices 3.3.2.   Protocolo para determinar el estado de conservaci\u00f3n global de la estructura y funci\u00f3n 3.3.3.   Protocolo para establecer un sistema de vigilancia global del estado de conservaci\u00f3n de la estructura y funci\u00f3n 3.4.   Evaluaci\u00f3n de las perspectivas de futuro 3.5.   Evaluaci\u00f3n del conjunto del estado de conservaci\u00f3n\" href=\"http:\/\/www.jolube.es\/Habitat_Espana\/documentos\/9370.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http:\/\/www.jolube.es\/<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>SARO I, \u200e GONZALEZ-PEREZ MA, SOSA PA. 2011. Estudio della dinamica y extension del flujo genetico de la Palmera Canaria (Phoenix canariensis). <\/strong>Link: <a title=\"Abstract. La palmera canaria Phoenix canariensis Hort. ex Chab. (Arecaceae) es una de las especies end\u00e9micas m\u00e1s importantes y representativas del archipi\u00e9lago canario, que se encuentra ampliamente distribuida de manera individual o formando palmerales en todas las islas del archipi\u00e9lago. El movimiento g\u00e9nico entre los distintos individuos, es lo que determinar\u00e1 el grado de adaptaci\u00f3n local de sus poblaciones, siendo la dispersi\u00f3n del grano de polen el componente m\u00e1s importante en el transporte a larga distancia de los genes. Asignando  la  paternidad  de  semillas  colectadas  a  partir  de  madres genotipadas y localizadas en campo, y mediante el uso de microsat\u00e9lites nucleares, evaluamos dicho \ufb02ujo gen\u00e9tico y estimamos su in\ufb02uencia en la estructuraci\u00f3n gen\u00e9tica poblacional, obteniendo los patrones de polinizaci\u00f3n, distancias y trayectorias exactas del polen.\" href=\"http:\/\/www.banmac.ulpgc.es\/sites\/default\/files\/Poster%20Palmera%20copia.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http:\/\/www.banmac.ulpgc.es\/<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong>NOGUE S, NASCIMENTO L, FERNANDEZ-PALACIOS JM., WHITTAKER RJ., WILLIS KJ. 2013. The ancient forests of La Gomera, Canary Islands, and their sensitivity to environmental change.<\/strong> <\/span>In: Journal of Ecology. Link: <a title=\"Abstract. 1. Garajonay National Park in La Gomera (Canary Islands) contains one of the largest remnant areas of a forest formation once widespread throughout Europe and North Africa. Here, we aim to address the long-term dynamics (the last 9600 cal. years) of the monteverde forest (laurel forest and Morella-Erica heath) located close to the summit of the National Park (1487 m a.s.l.) and determine past environmental and human impacts. 2. We used palaeoecological (fossil pollen, microscopic and macroscopic charcoal) and multivariate ecological techniques to identify compositional change in the monteverde forest in relation to potential climatic and human in\ufb02uences, based on the analysis of a core site at 1250-m elevation. 3. The regional mid-Holocene change towards drier conditions was matched in this system by a fairly rapid shift in representation of key forest elements, with declines in Canarian palm tree (Phoenix canariensis), Canarian willow (Salix canariensis) and certain laurel forest taxa and an increase in representation of the Morella \u2013 Erica woody heath. 4. Charcoal data suggest that humans arrived on the island between about 3000 and 1800 years ago, a period of minimal vegetation change. Levels of burning over the last 800 years are among the lowest of the entire 9600 years. 5. Synthesis. A rapid climatic-induced shift of forest taxa occurred 5500 years ago, with a decrease in hygrophilous species in the pollen record. In contrast, we found no evidence of a signi\ufb01cant response to human colonization. These \ufb01ndings support the idea that Garajonay National Park is protecting a truly ancient relict, comprising a largely natural rather than cultural legacy.\" href=\"http:\/\/jmferpal.webs.ull.es\/JCR_Scientific_Papers_files\/JEcology2013.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http:\/\/jmferpal.webs.ull.es\/<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>SARO I. 2013. Flujo gen\u00e9tico mediante la polinizaci\u00f3n. Desde d\u00f3nde vienen los genes que portan las semillas de la Palmera Canaria. <\/strong>In XX Jornadas Forestales de Gran Canaria. Link\u00a0: <a title=\"Abstract. Para poder rastrear el movimiento de los genes trasportados por los prop\u00e1gulos reproductores, es necesario identificar los individuos y poblaciones de los cuales proceden. Para ello, se utilizan marcadores moleculares hipervariables como pueden ser los microsat\u00e9lites nucleares que consisten en secuencias cortas de ADN altamente repetidas y que disponen de una elevada tendencia a cambiar durante el proceso de replicaci\u00f3n del ADN. Ello da lugar a multitud de variaciones y, por tanto, que cada individuo pueda poseer una combinaci\u00f3n diferente en las secuencias de estas regiones del genoma. Utilizando estos marcadores moleculares podemos caracterizar a cada individuo y\/o a las poblaciones de una especie a modo de \u201cetiqueta\u201d.\" href=\"http:\/\/www.jornadasforestalesdegrancanaria.com\/descargas\/jornadas-forestales\/XX\/Isabel%20Saro-Flujo%20genetico%20mediante%20la%20polinizacion-Palmera%20canaria.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http:\/\/www.jornadasforestalesdegrancanaria.com\/<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>{tab=ETHNOBOTANIQUE}<\/p>\n<div><span style=\"font-size: 11px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><a title=\"\" href=\"http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/01\/Canaries-Artisanat-vannerie.jpg\" target=\"\" rel=\"noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft size-medium wp-image-6877\" title=\"\" src=\"http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/01\/Canaries-Artisanat-vannerie-300x199.jpg\" alt=\"Canaries Artisanat vannerie\" width=\"300\" height=\"199\" srcset=\"http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/01\/Canaries-Artisanat-vannerie-300x199.jpg 300w, http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/01\/Canaries-Artisanat-vannerie-150x99.jpg 150w, http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/01\/Canaries-Artisanat-vannerie.jpg 641w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a>Ill. exemples de vannerie traditionnelle des \u00eeles Canaries (mieldepalma.com)<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #008000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>Dans son habitat naturel, <em>Phoenix canariensis<\/em> a donn\u00e9 naissance \u00e0 un artisanat vari\u00e9 qui va de la vannerie et du tressage \u00e0 des productions vivri\u00e8res, dont le vin de palmier, et le miel de palme, d\u00e9nomm\u00e9 <em>guarapo<\/em>. Les \u00e9tudes ethnobotaniques les concernant sont r\u00e9centes. Dans les palmeraies ornementales, ce palmier a aussi \u00e9t\u00e9 utilis\u00e9 (plus r\u00e9cemment) \u00e0 divers usages allant de la floriculture \u00e0 des rituels religieux.<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"color: #008000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>SOMMAIRE<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"color: #008000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>2.1 <\/strong><strong>L\u2019artisanat du palmier<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"color: #008000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>2.2 Dattes, vin et miel de palmier<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"color: #008000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>2.3 Le Palm-Sunday<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"color: #008000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>2.4 Bibliographie en ligne<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div>\n<div><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"color: #008000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><strong><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\">2.1 L\u2019artisanat du palmier<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\">ARTESANIA DE PALMA (PARTE 1)\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/oETKwYmd9xg\" width=\"420\" height=\"315\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\">ARTESANIA DE PALMA (PARTE 2)<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/3_0aMmZxmS0\" width=\"560\" height=\"315\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\">Ill.: LANZAROTE: la confection des paniers (video)\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\">Toutes les parties du palmier \u00e9taient utilis\u00e9es dans l\u2019artisanat traditionnel des \u00eeles Canaries, comme le montre cet inventaire document\u00e9.<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>Feuilles. <\/strong>Les folioles du palmier ont longtemps servi \u00e0 l\u2019alimentation du b\u00e9tail et restent aujourd\u2019hui un compl\u00e9ment alimentaire. Elles sont aussi l\u2019\u00e9l\u00e9ment de base dans la fabrication de paniers, chapeaux, balais, pi\u00e8ces pour pr\u00e9parer le fromage ou encore emballages pour le poisson.<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>Pirgano (ou Pirguan).<\/strong> Il s\u2019agit du rachis, la tige sur laquelle sont ins\u00e9r\u00e9es les folioles. Les usages les plus communs sont la fabrication de paniers, la confection de cl\u00f4tures ou tuteurs pour les vignes, la construction des maisons (sur les toitures pour soutenir les tuiles) ou son emploi comme combustible. Le \u201cpirguan\u201d a \u00e9galement connu d\u2019autres usages comme la confection du \u201cjuercan\u201d (utilis\u00e9 pour remuer le grain torr\u00e9fi\u00e9 dans l\u2019\u00e9laboration du gofio et fait d\u2019un raquis munis d\u2019un linge \u00e0 son extr\u00e9mit\u00e9), ou comme manche \u00e0 balai ou encore comme canne servant \u00e0 chasser les poussins des puffins (avec un hame\u00e7on attach\u00e9 \u00e0 la pointe).<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>Tomisa. <\/strong>Pour la fabrication des balais, on attacher les feuilles avec de la \u201ctomisa\u201d, une corde faite de feuilles tendres tress\u00e9es.<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>Tahalague (Talahague ou Talahaque). <\/strong>Il s\u2019agit de la base des feuilles, le p\u00e9tiole, c\u2019est \u00e0 dire la partie \u00e9pineuse qui reste sur le tronc une fois les feuilles coup\u00e9es. Il s\u2019utilise comme combustible pour torr\u00e9fier le gofio et pour cuisiner, ou dans l\u2019\u00e9laboration du miel de palmier. Une autre application est celle de la construction de cl\u00f4tures \u00e9pineuses pour \u00e9viter le passage des animaux d\u2019un terrain \u00e0 un autre. Le Talajague a eu encore d\u2019autres usages comme la fabrication de jouets (bateaux, animaux, etc.) ou de bouchons de barriques et de carafons.<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>Arropon (ou Jarropon). <\/strong>Il s\u2019agit des fibres v\u00e9g\u00e9tales en forme de fourreau des bases folaires. Il s\u2019utilisait pour recouvrir l\u2019int\u00e9rieur des pots de foug\u00e8res dans le but de garder l\u2019humidit\u00e9, dans l\u2019emballage des r\u00e9gimes de bananes pour l\u2019exportation, dans le fourrage des matelas, comme liti\u00e8re pour les animaux ou mati\u00e8re organique pour la production du fumier.<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>Stipe. <\/strong>Le tronc du palmier est aussi r\u00e9cup\u00e9r\u00e9 pour de nombreux usages, comme la construction des ruches. Sa grande r\u00e9sistance aux intemp\u00e9ries en fait un excellent mat\u00e9riel de construction pour les toitures, comme rev\u00eatement de certaines maisons ou bien comme base de mur de sout\u00e8nement et encore dans la fabrication de cl\u00f4tures.<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>Racines.<\/strong> On les \u00e9crase pour en extraire les fibres, tress\u00e9es \u00e0 la main pour en faire des cordelettes, mat\u00e9riel de base dans la fabrication des semelles des espadrilles.<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>Palanqueta. <\/strong>Il s\u2019agit du p\u00e9doncule du palmier (inflorescence f\u00e9minine), utilis\u00e9 principalement pour faire des jouets. Avec son \u00e9corce rouge\u00e2tre, coriace et mall\u00e9able, on bordait traditionnellement aussi les paniers faits de cannes.<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>Balai et Tiges. <\/strong>Il s\u2019agit de l\u2019inflorescence f\u00e9minine et des tiges qui la composent. Il s\u2019emploie encore actuellement pour balayer les sols ou comme torche lors des massacres traditionnels de cochons (pour \u00e9liminer les poils). Les balais du palmier m\u00e2le (beaucoup plus petits et moins r\u00e9sistants que les balais des palmiers femelles) \u00e9taient utilis\u00e9s comme torches pendant la castration des ruches. Les tiges de balai \u00e9taient aussi utilis\u00e9es pour la fabrication de petits paniers et comme instrument de punition.<\/span><\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\">*Source\u00a0: <strong>Aider La Gomera, Juan Montesinos, Gerardo Mesa Noda y Eduardo Franquiz<\/strong>. Usos Tradicionales. Link\u00a0: <a href=\"http:\/\/www.mieldepalma.com\/index.php\/usages-traditionnels\/?lang=fr\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http:\/\/www.mieldepalma.com\/<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #008000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><strong><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\">2.2 Dattes et miel de palmier<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<div><span style=\"font-size: 11px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\">Ill. Le miel de palme de La Gomera (video)<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Alimentos de La Gomera: La miel de palma\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/N5ws-BdMoJk?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div><strong><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\">Le palmier est un excellent compl\u00e9ment de l\u2019\u00e9conomie de subsistance, \u00e0 l\u2019origine d\u2019une industrie rurale li\u00e9e \u00e0 ses produits vari\u00e9s, apportant \u00e0 la population ilienne un bien, qui au fil du temps s\u2019h\u00e9rite et se loue. Depuis la vannerie traditionnelle jusqu\u2019\u00e0 l\u2019utilisation fourrag\u00e8re et m\u00eame dans l\u2019alimentation humaine. Ces milles utilisations des palmiers ont permis \u00e0 beaucoup d\u2019entre eux d\u2019\u00eatre respect\u00e9s sinon cultiv\u00e9s.<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>Guarapo. <\/strong>Le sirop (ou miel) de palmier est produit de nos jours \u00e0 partir de la s\u00e8ve des palmiers (dite guarapo) sur l&rsquo;ile de la Gomera (Archipel des Canaries). La s\u00e8ve est recueillie dans des r\u00e9cipients plac\u00e9s le long d&rsquo;incisions pratiqu\u00e9es au sommet du stipe, apr\u00e8s l\u2019\u00e9lagage de l\u2019ensemble des feuilles du bouquet. L\u2019op\u00e9ration se d\u00e9roule dans la nuit, afin d\u2019\u00e9viter que la s\u00e8ve soit alt\u00e9r\u00e9e par la chaleur du soleil. Elle est r\u00e9colt\u00e9e le matin. Le guarapo \u00e9tait aussi utilis\u00e9 tel quel comme rafraichissant, seul ou combin\u00e9 avec un alcool. Durant les p\u00e9riodes de p\u00e9nurie, il \u00e9tait par ailleurs consomm\u00e9, apr\u00e8s une l\u00e9g\u00e8re cuisson, comme aliment. Aujourd\u2019hui, on transforme le guarapo en miel. La d\u00e9nomination de miel de palme vient de sa consistance et de sa couleur, qui sont similaires \u00e0 un miel d\u2019abeille semi-liquide.<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>T\u00e1maras (Tambaras ou Gamames). <\/strong>Les dattes du palmier des Canaries sont plus ovo\u00efdes et beaucoup plus petites que les dattes du palmier dattier commun, avec un gros noyau et peu de chair. La graine (cuesco) est ovale-elliptique, de superficie couleur cendre et de 14 \u00e0 16 mm x 9 \u00e0 10 mm de taille. Sa section transversale est parfaitement circulaire avec une rainure plus \u00e9troite et profonde sur sa face dorsale. L\u2019embryon est situ\u00e9 plus au moins sur la face ventral, sans marque apparente \u00e0 l\u2019ext\u00e9rieur et avec un n=18 (nombre aplo\u00efde de chromosomes). Sa floraison est principalement printani\u00e8re. Les tamaras ont \u00e9t\u00e9 et sont utilis\u00e9s comme aliment pour les animaux, sp\u00e9cialement les cochons. Pourtant ils ont \u00e9t\u00e9 consomm\u00e9s par les habitants des \u00eeles lors d\u2019\u00e9poques de p\u00e9nurie, aussi bien murs et crus que verts et cuits avec du sel (gamames). Il y a aussi des r\u00e9cits qui expliquent que les dattes furent utilis\u00e9es, moulues en farine dans la pr\u00e9paration de bouillie pour enfants.<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\">*Source\u00a0: <strong>Aider La Gomera, Juan Montesinos, Gerardo Mesa Noda y Eduardo Franquiz. Usos Tradicionales.<\/strong> Link\u00a0: <a title=\"Abstract. Le miel de palmier s\u2019obtient \u00e0 partir de la cuisson du guarapo. Le guarapo se collecte le matin et une fois filtr\u00e9, libre de toute impuret\u00e9, est pr\u00eat pour la cuisson. Il faut le mettre sur le feu le plus rapidement possible pour \u00e9viter la fermentation. L\u2019op\u00e9ration qui consiste \u00e0 faire bouillir le guarapo pour produire le miel, doit se faire au quotidien. Le feu est lent et constant pendant plusieurs heures, jusqu\u2019\u00e0 atteindre les qualit\u00e9s organoleptiques qui le caract\u00e9risent. Selon la qualit\u00e9 du guarapo et de la zone d\u2019origine, pour obtenir un litre de bon miel il faudra huit litres de guarapo, ceci \u00e9tant une donn\u00e9e indicative. En g\u00e9n\u00e9ral la proportion d\u00e9pend de la zone, s\u2019il s\u2019agit d\u2019une zone plut\u00f4t humide ou plut\u00f4t s\u00e8che. Il faut tenir compte de plusieurs facteurs lors de la production du miel. Une fois le guarapo sur le feu, quand il commence \u00e0 bouillir, il se forme un mo\u00fbt ou liquide \u00e9pais sucr\u00e9. A la surface de ce liquide se forme une mousse qu\u2019il est n\u00e9cessaire de retirer pour \u00e9viter l\u2019alt\u00e9ration du futur miel. Le mo\u00fbt disparait lors de la cuisson et l\u2019on observe la masse qui commence \u00e0 augmenter de volume et entre rapidement en \u00e9bullition. A partir du moment o\u00f9 l\u2019on arr\u00eate la coupe, un nouveau toupet commence \u00e0 se former, il sera la future couronne de feuilles du palmier. Apr\u00e8s 4 ou 5 ans, le palmier aura pouss\u00e9 d\u2019un demi-m\u00e8tre et sera pr\u00eat \u00e0 \u00eatre trait\u00e9 de nouveau pour l\u2019extraction de son nectar sucr\u00e9. Sur le tronc on peut observer un \u00e9tranglement, la marque, t\u00e9moin du traitement d\u2019extraction du guarapo du palmier. En se promenant dans les palmeraies de Tazo ou Vallehermoso, il est facile de voir un palmier avec 5 ou 6 marques sur son tronc, ce qui nous montre qu\u2019il a \u00e9t\u00e9 trait\u00e9 pour l\u2019extraction du guarapo plusieurs fois mais qu\u2019il n\u2019en est pas mort.\" href=\"http:\/\/www.mieldepalma.com\/index.php\/usages-traditionnels\/?lang=fr\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http:\/\/www.mieldepalma.com\/<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><\/div>\n<div>\n<div><span style=\"color: #008000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><strong><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\">2.3 Le Palm-Sunday<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"font-size: 11px;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/01\/Bordighera-Ligature-Canariensis.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft size-medium wp-image-6915\" src=\"http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/01\/Bordighera-Ligature-Canariensis-216x300.jpg\" alt=\"Bordighera Ligature Canariensis\" width=\"216\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/01\/Bordighera-Ligature-Canariensis-216x300.jpg 216w, http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/01\/Bordighera-Ligature-Canariensis-108x150.jpg 108w, http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/01\/Bordighera-Ligature-Canariensis-737x1024.jpg 737w, http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/01\/Bordighera-Ligature-Canariensis.jpg 779w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 216px) 100vw, 216px\" \/><\/a><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\">Ill. Ligature de palmiers des Canaries, destin\u00e9e \u00e0 la production de feuilles blanches (Bordighera-Italy)<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><strong><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\">Le Dies Palmarum (ou Palm Sunday), ouvre la liturgie chr\u00e9tienne de la Semaine Sainte. Comm\u00e9morant l&rsquo;entr\u00e9e triomphale du Christ \u00e0 J\u00e9rusalem, palmes blanches et rameaux tress\u00e9s sont alors b\u00e9nis par le pr\u00eatre et port\u00e9s en procession dans les rues. Ces traditions couvrent un vaste aire culturelle, correspondant \u00e0 l\u2019extension du christianisme dans les r\u00e9gions de palmiculture.<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/div>\n<div><strong><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\">Les traditions des rameaux tress\u00e9s<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\">Le tressage des palmes demeure une tradition toujours tr\u00e8s vivante, bien au-del\u00e0 de son aire d\u2019origine. Elle donne lieu, suivant les r\u00e9gions, \u00e0 une grande vari\u00e9t\u00e9 de formes parfois d\u2019une sophistication extr\u00eame. Ces palmes tress\u00e9es sont pr\u00e9sentes jusqu\u2019en Allemagne et en Angleterre, de m\u00eame qu\u2019en Europe orientale, et grande partie du monde chr\u00e9tien non-europ\u00e9en.<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><strong><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\">Les vari\u00e9t\u00e9s de palmiers utilis\u00e9es<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\">Originellement, le tressage des palmes faisait appel au palmier-dattier, P. dactylifera. Il a \u00e9t\u00e9 rapidement remplac\u00e9 par le palmier des canaries, P. canariensis, depuis l\u2019\u00e9poque de son introduction en M\u00e9diterran\u00e9e. Outre une plus grande productivit\u00e9, les raisons de ce remplacement rel\u00e8vent aussi de la meilleure qualit\u00e9 des folioles du palmier des Canaries, en mati\u00e8re de tressage.<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\">*Source\u00a0: <strong>les usages rituels du palmier dans le monde chr\u00e9tien<\/strong>. Link : <a href=\"http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/?page_id=386\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http\u00a0:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"color: #008000;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\">2.4 Bibliographie en ligne<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/div>\n<div><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>RIVERA D, OBON C, VERDE A, FAJARDO J, VALDES A, ALCARAZ F, CARRE\u00d1O E, HEINRICH M, MARTINEZ M, RIOS S, MARTINEZ V, LAGUNA E 2014.<\/strong> <strong>La palmera datilera y la palmera canaria en la medicina tradicional de Espa\u00f1a.<\/strong> In\u00a0: Revista de Fitoterapia 2014\u00a0; 14 (1)\u00a0: 67-81. Link\u00a0: <a title=\"Abstract. In Spain the medicinal use of date palm and its products has been relatively common, reaching the highest level of diversity and importance during the Middle Ages, both in Al Andalus and the Christian territories of the northern bor- der. However, uses have become less common since then. Here the historical evolution of medicinal uses of date palm and Canary Island palm in both the Iberian Peninsula and the Canary and Balearic islands are reviewed. At present there are very few reported uses. The dates are the most commonly used product, but the sap, pollen and tender bud of palm (palmito) are also used. The dates of Phoenix dactylifera were used as analgesic, and to treat anaemia and digestive disorders, to strengthen the gums, and in the treatment of erectile dysfunction and as an aphrodisiac, to facilitate childbirth and soothing postpartum pains and treating matrix prolapse or excessive menstrual flow. Dates were also used as diuretics in dysuria and bladder disorders and are still used for the treatment of various respiratory problems. Externally they were used to treat skin problems, wounds, bleeding and haemorrhoids. Canary Palm (Phoenix canariensis) raw juice or sap, or concentrated palm juice, or fermented juice (palm wine) are consumed, especially on the island of La Gomera, as food and are also used as diuretic, as a remedy for genitourinary, digestive, for oral infections, as an expectorant, antitussive and to treat cavity and throat irritations disorders. Almost a thousand years ago in Al-Andalus Toledo, spathes of P. dactylifera were used, in the treatment of weakness, pain, nephritis, bladder diseases, liver disorders, diarrhea, digestive disorders, pain in the abdomen and stomach, excessive menstrual bleeding, skin ulcers and scabies, joint pain and heart disorders. Modern rational Phytotherapy should pay closer attention to this resource and its potential, considering the available scientific evidence (pharmacological and even clinical) and incorporate it into our modern therapeutic repertoire.\" href=\"http:\/\/http :\/\/www.academia.edu\/7743034\/La_palmera_datilera_y_la_palmera_canaria_en_la_fitoterapia_tradicional_de_Espana\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http\u00a0:\/\/www.academia.edu\/<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>GARCIA-ORTUNO T., FERRANDEZ-GARCIA MT., ANDREU-RODRIGUEZ J., FERRANDEZ-GARCIA CE., FERRANDEZ-VILLENA M. 2012.<\/strong> <strong>Valorization of Pruning Residues. The Use of Phoenix canariensis to Elaborate Eco-Friendly Particleboards.<\/strong> Link\u00a0: <a title=\"Abstract. This study was carried out in order to investigate the performance of particleboards made from fibres of Phoenix canariensis Hort. Ex Chavaud (Canary Island date palm) pruning residue bonded with a commercial potato starch as a natural binder. The results suggest that it is completely feasible to manufacture acceptable particleboards for general uses using the leaf bases of Canary Island datepalm as an alternative lignocellulosic raw material.\" href=\"http:\/\/http :\/\/cirg.ageng2012.org\/images\/fotosg\/tabla_137_C1206.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http\u00a0:\/\/cirg.ageng2012.org\/<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>LUIS RUBIO GUTIEREZ HERNANDEZ GONZALES-WELLER REVERT CASTILLA 2012.<\/strong> <strong>Palm tree syrup, nutritional composition of a natural edulcorant.<\/strong> In: Nutr Hosp. 2012,27(2): 548-552. Link\u00a0: <a title=\"Abstract Introduction : Palm syrup is a typical product from the Canary Islands, traditionally produced from the sap of the tropical palm tree Phoenix canariensis. Its high caloric content has led to its increasing use as a health food supplement for athletes, children and elderly. Furthermore, demand for this natural syrup is continuously increasing due also to its medicinal uses in homeopathic medicine. Objective : Palm Tree syrup samples prepared with palm sap from primary producers in La Gomera island (Canary Islands, Spain) were analyzed for their nutritional composition (moisture, ash, sugars, fat, vitamins and minerals). Methods : 35 syrup samples from five different producing regions in La Gomera island were analyzed. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to determine sugars and vitamins and Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (FAAS) was used to analyze the minerals. Results : Major carbohydrates were sucrose (37.8%), glucose (9.50%) and fructose (4.80%), respectively. The presence of arabinose could not be confirmed. Niacin was the water-soluble vitamin with the highest concentration with an average content of 0.003%. Fat content was found to be under 0.20%. Potassium was the mineral with highest contents (0.45%). Conclusions : Results suggest that palm tree syrup can play an important role as a sugar and mineral source in human nutrition, suggesting that future applications for this product could be developed.\" href=\"http:\/\/http :\/\/scielo.isciii.es\/pdf\/nh\/v27n2\/30_original_20.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http\u00a0:\/\/scielo.isciii.es\/<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>NEHDI I., OMRI S., KHALIL M.I., AL-RESAYES S.I. 2010.<\/strong> <strong>Characteristics and chemical composition of date palm (Phoenix canariensis) seeds and seed oil.<\/strong> In: Industrial Crops and Products 32 (2010) 360\u2013365. Link\u00a0: <a title=\"Abstract. Studies were conducted on properties of seeds and oil extracted from fully ripened Phoenix canariensis date seeds. The percentage composition of the P. canariensis seeds found is : ash 1.18%, oil 10.36%, protein content 5.67%, total carbohydrate 72.59% and moisture 10.20%. The major nutrients (mg\/100 g of oil) determined were : potassium (255.43), magnesium (62.78), calcium (48.56) and phosphorus (41.33). The physicochemical properties of the oil observed include : the saponi\ufb01cation number 191.28 ; the iodine number 76.66, the p-anisidine value 3.67 ; the peroxide value 3.62 meq\/kg ; the unsaponi\ufb01able matter content 1.79%, the free fatty acids content 0.59% ; the carotenoid content 5.51 mg\/100 g ; the chlorophyll content 0.10 mg\/100 g and the refractive index 1.45. The main fatty acids of oil were oleic (50.10%), linoleic (19.23%), lauric (10.24%). Palmitic (9.83%) and stearic (7.51%). The main triacylglycerols found in P. canariensis seed oil were : LaMM + LaLaP (18.9%), LaMP + MMM (15.31%) and LaOO + PLL + MPL (12.86%). The DSC melting curves revealed that : melting point = 3.71 \u25e6 C and melting enthalpy = 62.08 J\/g. The sterol marker, [1]-sitosterol, accounted for 76.06% of the total sterols content in the seed oil followed by campes- terol (8.89%) and [1] 5 avenesterol (8.79%). -Tocotrienol was the major tocol (66%) with the rest being -tocotrienol and -tocopherol.\" href=\"http:\/\/http :\/\/ipac.kacst.edu.sa\/eDoc\/2011\/196240_1.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http\u00a0:\/\/ipac.kacst.edu.sa\/<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>{tab=DIFFUSION}<\/p>\n<div><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 11px;\"><a title=\"\" href=\"http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/01\/Map-Canaries-Tenerife.jpg\" target=\"\" rel=\"noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft size-medium wp-image-6878\" title=\"\" src=\"http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/01\/Map-Canaries-Tenerife-300x251.jpg\" alt=\"Map Canaries Tenerife\" width=\"300\" height=\"251\" srcset=\"http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/01\/Map-Canaries-Tenerife-300x251.jpg 300w, http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/01\/Map-Canaries-Tenerife-150x125.jpg 150w, http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/01\/Map-Canaries-Tenerife-1024x857.jpg 1024w, http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/01\/Map-Canaries-Tenerife.jpg 1482w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a>Ill. Carte physique de l\u2019\u00eele de Tenerife dress\u00e9e sur les lieux par Leopold de Bruch, qui visita l&rsquo;archipel avec Christen Smith en 1815. Source: <a href=\"http:\/\/cologanvalois.blogspot.fr\/2011\/12\/1815-leopold-von-buch-christen-smith-la.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http:\/\/cologanvalois.blogspot.fr\/<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #339966;\"><b style=\"font-family: tahoma, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;\">L\u2019introduction de <\/b><em style=\"font-family: tahoma, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold;\">Phoenix canariensis<\/em><b style=\"font-family: tahoma, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;\"> comme arbre d\u2019ornement remonte au d\u00e9but du XIX\u00b0 si\u00e8cle. C\u2019est plus <\/b><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><b>pr\u00e9cis\u00e9ment<\/b><\/span><\/span><b style=\"font-family: tahoma, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;\"> en 1815 qu\u2019un botaniste norv\u00e9gien en charge du nouveau jardin botanique d\u2019Oslo, Christen SMITH, se rend dans l\u2019archipel d\u2019o\u00f9 il rapporte des graines qui seront sem\u00e9es\u2026 en Norv\u00e8ge\u00a0! Cette diaspora (impossible \u00e0 chiffrer) a d\u00e9sormais largement d\u00e9pass\u00e9 en nombre la population originelle. Elle repose toutefois sur une base g\u00e9n\u00e9tique tr\u00e8s r\u00e9duite, comme le montre l\u2019histoire de sa diffusion et les \u00e9tudes g\u00e9n\u00e9tiques en cours. <\/b><\/span><\/div>\n<div><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"color: #008000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>SOMMAIRE<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"color: #008000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>3.1 De la Norv\u00e8ge \u00e0 la C\u00f4te d\u2019Azur (RIVERA, 2013, GADE, 1987, DUCATILLION, 2013, CASTELLANA, 2014)<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"color: #008000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>3.2 De la Riviera aux USA (ZONA 2008)<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"color: #008000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>3.3 Bibliographie en ligne<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/01\/Canariensis-Herbarium-Wildpret.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft size-medium wp-image-6921\" src=\"http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/01\/Canariensis-Herbarium-Wildpret-188x300.jpg\" alt=\"Canariensis Herbarium Wildpret\" width=\"188\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/01\/Canariensis-Herbarium-Wildpret-188x300.jpg 188w, http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/01\/Canariensis-Herbarium-Wildpret-94x150.jpg 94w, http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/01\/Canariensis-Herbarium-Wildpret.jpg 328w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 188px) 100vw, 188px\" \/><\/a><strong><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><span style=\"color: #008000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">3.1 De la Norv\u00e8ge \u00e0 la C\u00f4te d\u2019Azur<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\">La premi\u00e8re mention de l\u2019introduction en Europe du palmier des Canaries (<em>Phoenix canariensis<\/em>) remonte \u00e0 200 ans. Au d\u00e9but des ann\u00e9es 1860, un jardinier europ\u00e9en nomm\u00e9 Hermann WILDPRET cr\u00e9e un jardin d\u2019acclimatation \u00e0 Orotava (T\u00e9n\u00e9rife). Il exp\u00e9die alors un important lot de graines en direction des principales p\u00e9pini\u00e8res europ\u00e9ennes. C\u2019est toutefois sur la C\u00f4te d\u2019Azur que ce palmier va \u00eatre acclimat\u00e9, et largement diffus\u00e9 jusqu\u2019aux USA, comme arbre d\u2019ornement pour les stations touristiques naissantes.<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><em>Phoenix canariensis<\/em> et la C\u00f4te d\u2019Azur<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\">Le premier Phoenix canariensis aurait \u00e9t\u00e9 plant\u00e9 sur la C\u00f4te d\u2019Azur en 1864, dans le Jardin Vigier \u00e0 Nice, en provenance de la p\u00e9pini\u00e8re de J. LINDEN \u00e0 Ghent en France. Il est ensuite mentionn\u00e9 en 1869, dans une autre p\u00e9pini\u00e8re de palmiers de r\u00e9putation internationale, cr\u00e9\u00e9e \u00e0 Hy\u00e8res par Charles Goettlib HUBER en 1856. En 1871, l\u2019horticulteur allemand SCHENKEL fait parvenir \u00e0 CHABAUD des graines de Phoenix canariensis qu\u2019il s\u00e8me dans son jardin de Saint Mandrier, \u00e0 Toulon. 11 ans plus tard, Phoenix canariensis est d\u00e9crit par CHABAUD en tant qu\u2019esp\u00e8ce distincte, laquelle portera d\u00e9sormais son nom.<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\">*Source. <strong>RIVERA D., OBON C., ALCARAZ F., EGEA T., CARRE\u00d1O E., LAGUNA E., SANTOS A., WILDPRET W. 2013.<\/strong> A review of the nomenclature and typification of the Canary Islands endemic palm, Phoenix canariensis (Arecaceae). In\u00a0: TAXON 62 (6) \u2022 December 2013\u00a0: 1275\u20131282. Link: <a title=\"Abstract. For the present study the following herbaria have been searched : FI-B (Odoardo Beccari), FI-W (Webb), MA, NICE, ORT, P, TLON. Since several names were originally published in, now rare, horticultural catalogues, main horticultural and botanical libraries were consulted (Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew ; National Botanic Garden of Belgium &amp; Royal Botanical Society of Belgium ; RHS Lindley Library ; Botanischer Garten und Botanisches Museum, Berlin ; Conservatoire et Jardin botaniques, Gen\u00e8ve). In order to clarify the role of Hermann Wildpret in the genesis of the name Phoenix canariensis, the archives of correspondence of Odoardo Beccari were consulted from the Biblioteca del Dipartimento di Biologia Vegetale, Universit\u00e1 degli Studi di Firenze and the archives of the Wildpret family in Tenerife (Spain).\" href=\"http:\/\/http :\/\/wwwx.inia.es\/webcrf\/referencias\/docs\/ID418.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http\u00a0:\/\/wwwx.inia.es\/<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<div><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\">Apr\u00e8s 1870, les p\u00e9pini\u00e9ristes hy\u00e9rois amor\u00e7aient une sp\u00e9cialisation : le palmier des Canaries. A la fin du XIX\u00e8me si\u00e8cle, une superficie de quarante hectares de jeunes palmiers de la dite esp\u00e8ce entourait la ville d&rsquo;Hy\u00e8res favoris\u00e9e par la pr\u00e9sence d&rsquo;alluvions, d&rsquo;un \u00e9t\u00e9 pas trop sec, et de nombreux adrets. En hiver, des paillassons prot\u00e9geaient les jeunes palmiers contre le froid. En 1915, vingt-deux \u00abpalmi\u00e9ristes\u00bb exp\u00e9diaient un million deux cent cinquante mille palmiers comme arbres de jardin \u00e0 l&rsquo;int\u00e9rieur de la r\u00e9gion et comme plantes d&rsquo;appartements au nord des Alpes. Les deux guerres mondiales, les crises \u00e9conomiques, et les coups de froid, notamment celui de 1938, ont atteint ce commerce sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">*Source. <strong>GADE 1987.<\/strong> Tropicalisation de la v\u00e9g\u00e9tation ornementale de la C\u00f4te d&rsquo;Azur. In: M\u00e9diterran\u00e9e, Troisi\u00e8me s\u00e9rie, Tome 62, 4-1987. Quelques contributions \u00e0 l&rsquo;\u00e9tude des r\u00e9gions touristiques. pp. 19-25. Link: <\/span><a title=\"Extrait : Entre 1850 et 1880, la flore ornementale s'\u00e9tendait un peu partout dans la zone c\u00f4ti\u00e8re. Pour s'approvisionner en mat\u00e9riel botanique, on \u00e9tablit des p\u00e9pini\u00e8res. La collection de plantes du Comte d'Epr\u00e9mesnil \u00e0 Golfe Juan se convertissait plus tard en p\u00e9pini\u00e8re commerciale de plantes exotiques. D'autres \u00e9tablissements \u00e0 Antibes, Nice et Cannes distribuaient des plantes aux quatre coins de la r\u00e9gion ainsi que des graines de palmiers, eucalyptus et d'autres plantes en Alg\u00e9rie, Espagne, Italie, Gr\u00e8ce et aux Etats-Unis. Apr\u00e8s 1870, les p\u00e9pini\u00e9ristes hy\u00e9rois amor\u00e7aient une sp\u00e9cialisation : le palmier des Canaries\u2026\" href=\"http:\/\/www.persee.fr\/web\/revues\/home\/prescript\/article\/medit_0025-8296_1987_num_62_4_2487\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http:\/\/www.persee.fr\/<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/01\/Bordighera-Winter-garden-postcard.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft size-medium wp-image-6924\" src=\"http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/01\/Bordighera-Winter-garden-postcard-300x207.jpg\" alt=\"Bordighera Winter garden postcard\" width=\"300\" height=\"207\" srcset=\"http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/01\/Bordighera-Winter-garden-postcard-300x207.jpg 300w, http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/01\/Bordighera-Winter-garden-postcard-150x103.jpg 150w, http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/01\/Bordighera-Winter-garden-postcard-1024x708.jpg 1024w, http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/01\/Bordighera-Winter-garden-postcard.jpg 1560w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><strong>Phoenix canariensis et la Riviera italienne (Jardin Winter)<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 11px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\">Illustration\u00a0: le jardin Winter de Bordighera au tournant du XX\u00b0 si\u00e8cle (gravure)<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\">Install\u00e9 \u00e0 Hy\u00e8res, le p\u00e9pini\u00e9riste Charles HUBER embauche un jeune jardinier Ludwig Winter. Celui-ci va ensuite travailler \u00e0 la cr\u00e9ation du Jardin Hanbury de la Mortola, \u00e0 la fronti\u00e8re franco-italienne. Il cr\u00e9e plus tard un jardin de palmiers et une p\u00e9pini\u00e8re \u00e0 vocation commerciale europ\u00e9enne, le Palm Garten, \u00e0 l\u2019embouchure du vallon du Sasso \u00e0 Bordighera. Un r\u00e9seau s\u2019organise d\u00e8s lors entre les fr\u00e8res Huber \u00e0 Hy\u00e8res, les fr\u00e8res Hanbury \u00e0 la Mortola et Charles Naudin devenu directeur de la Villa Thuret \u00e0 Antibes en 1878. D\u00e8s la fin du XIX\u00e8me si\u00e8cle, les palmiers de Bordighera vont pouvoir alimenter les plantations des grandes villes de la c\u00f4te d\u2019Azur.<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\">*Source. <strong>DUCATILLION C. 2013. Peut-on se passer des palmiers sur la Cote d\u2019Azur (historique, importance soci\u00e9tale, symbolique et \u00e9conomique)\u00a0?<\/strong> In: AFPP \u2013 colloque m\u00e9diterran\u00e9en sur les ravageurs des palmiers Nice \u2013 16, 17 et 18 janvier 2013. Link: <a title=\"Abstract. If palm-trees, which are attacked by new invasive pests (appeared during the last decade), disappeared from the Franco-Italian Riviera ? This question is discussed by different views. This communication addresses a brief historical introduction about the principal exotic palms species and the evolution of their functions between the late nineteenth and early twenty-first centuries.  In  first,  collected  by  admirers,  palms  were  disseminated  thanks  to  many techniques  and  their  aesthetic,  morphological  and  agronomic  qualities.  Become  shaft alignment,  their  particular  physiognomy  take  it  an  indispensable  marker  of  landscape, transforming  profoundly  the  image  of  the  Mediterranean  coast,  while  generating  the appearance  of  trades,  economic  flows  and  social  activities.  Today  the  question  of  their survival or their possible replacement arises : is there any alternative species which are able to perform all these functions with much privilege ? From  this  model,  the  complex  question  of  acclimatization  of  exotic  plant  species  is discussed, whether the evolution of knowledge, techniques and regulations or the impact of this process on our environment and our purposes.\" href=\"http:\/\/http :\/\/www.afpp.net\/apps\/accesbase\/bindocload.asp?d=7130&amp;t=0&amp;identobj=UuJsUmzi&amp;uid=57305290&amp;sid=57305290&amp;idk=1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http\u00a0:\/\/www.afpp.net\/<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\">Le jardin historique de Ludwig Winter a surv\u00e9cu jusqu\u2019\u00e0 nos jours. Il est d\u00e9sormais menac\u00e9 de disparition, suite \u00e0 l\u2019incurie des autorit\u00e9s locales en charge de sa conservation, ainsi qu\u2019\u00e0 son infestation r\u00e9cente par le charan\u00e7on rouge du palmier (Red Palm Weevil). L\u2019amateurisme actuel dans la gestion de l\u2019infestation, est en effet en train de faire de ce jardin un laboratoire \u00e0 ciel ouvert, o\u00f9 le ravageur a commenc\u00e9 \u00e0 diversifier ses cibles en direction d\u2019autres esp\u00e8ces de palmiers. Il existe par ailleurs d\u2019importantes p\u00e9pini\u00e8res historiques ensauvag\u00e9es de <em>P.canariensis<\/em> dans les vallons de Bordighera, dont l\u2019histoire est \u00e0 \u00e9crire. Elles sont \u00e0 pr\u00e9sent elles aussi en cours de disparition. <\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\">*Source. <strong>CASTELLANA R. 2014. Le jardin Winter de Bordighera menac\u00e9 de disparition.<\/strong> In: Le Sauvage, Culture et \u00e9cologie 12 juillet 2014. Link: <a title=\"Abstract. Le Jardin Winter semble devoir bient\u00f4t disparaitre d\u00e9finitivement dans l\u2019indiff\u00e9rence g\u00e9n\u00e9rale. Plus grave encore, la diversit\u00e9 des palmiers encore pr\u00e9sents laisse penser que c\u2019est ici que le charan\u00e7on rouge du palmier (Rhynchophorus ferrugineus) va commencer \u00e0 diversifier ses cibles, en direction des autres esp\u00e8ces de palmiers de Bordighera, et notamment en direction de la palmeraie m\u00e9di\u00e9vale voisine de dattiers. Queques mois apr\u00e8s la r\u00e9daction de cet article pr\u00e9monitoire, le ravageur  a effectivement commenc\u00e9 \u00e0 migrer vers les palmiers Washingtonia et Chamaerops.\" href=\"http:\/\/www.lesauvage.org\/2014\/07\/le-jardin-winter-de-bordighera-menace-de-disparition\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http:\/\/www.lesauvage.org\/<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\">Iconographie historique\u00a0: le jardin Winter de Bordighera au travers des peintures et des cartes postales.<\/span><\/span><\/strong><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"> Link: <a href=\"http:\/\/www.bordighera.net\/fr-ver\/buv_giardiniwinter.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http\u00a0:\/\/www.bordighera.net<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/01\/Map-Canariensis-USA.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft size-medium wp-image-6925\" src=\"http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/01\/Map-Canariensis-USA-300x191.jpg\" alt=\"Map Canariensis USA\" width=\"300\" height=\"191\" srcset=\"http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/01\/Map-Canariensis-USA-300x191.jpg 300w, http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/01\/Map-Canariensis-USA-150x95.jpg 150w, http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/01\/Map-Canariensis-USA.jpg 677w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><span style=\"color: #008000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><strong><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\">3.2 De la Riviera aux USA<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 11px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\">Illustration\u00a0: carte contemporaine de la distribution de <em>Phoenix canariensis<\/em> aux Etats-Unis\u00a0: GILMAN EF., WATSON DG. 1994. <em>Phoenix canariensis<\/em>. Canary Island Date Palm. In\u00a0: Fact Sheet ST-439. October 1994. Link: <a href=\"http:\/\/http :\/\/hort.ifas.ufl.edu\/database\/documents\/pdf\/tree_fact_sheets\/phocana.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http\u00a0:\/\/hort.ifas.ufl.edu\/<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\">Les r\u00e9gions m\u00e9ridionales des Etats-Unis constituent un p\u00f4le majeur en mati\u00e8re de distribution du palmier des Canaries, en relation avec la Riviera comme mod\u00e8le paysager mais aussi comme fournisseur originel. Sur la Riviera italienne, l\u2019introduction de la palmiculture ornementale, \u00e0 la fin du XIX\u00b0 si\u00e8cle, allait rapidement conduire au d\u00e9clin de la culture du palmier dattier. C&rsquo;est \u00e0 pr\u00e9sent P. canariensis qui est en train de dispara\u00eetre \u00e0 son tour dans ces r\u00e9gions.<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\">Les p\u00e9pini\u00e8res am\u00e9ricaines<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\">La premi\u00e8re p\u00e9pini\u00e8re \u00e0 offrir <em>P. canariensis<\/em> pour la vente en Californie a \u00e9t\u00e9 la p\u00e9pini\u00e8re de Miller &amp; Sievers \u00e0 San Francisco dans leur catalogue de 1874. En Floride, l\u2019introduction de <em>P. canariensis<\/em> est due au p\u00e9pini\u00e9riste Henry Nehrling (1853-1929) qui a obtenu, en 1886, des graines de la C\u00f4te d\u2019Azur, et plus tard directement des \u00eeles Canaries. Au tournant du XX\u00b0 si\u00e8cle, la pr\u00e9sence de <em>P. canariensis<\/em> est bien document\u00e9e aux Etats-Unis, au travers des cartes postales et photographies des paysages am\u00e9ricains. En 1903, la palme est devenue tellement omnipr\u00e9sente que Ernest Braunton a pu \u00e9crire\u00a0: \u2018A Los Angeles et environ, ils peuvent \u00eatre compt\u00e9s par dizaines de milliers\u2019. En Floride, la demande de <em>P. canariensis<\/em> surgit \u00e0 un moment o\u00f9 la Floride \u00e9tait devenue une destination de vacances d\u2019hiver pour les riches industriels de l\u2019\u00e9poque (1878-1889). En Californie, elle fait suite au boom \u00e9conomique entra\u00een\u00e9 par la ru\u00e9e vers l\u2019or.<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\">*Source. <strong>ZONA S. 2008. The horticultural history of the Canary Island Date Palm (<em>Phoenix canariensis<\/em>).<\/strong> In: Garden History 36\u00a0: 301 -308. Link: <a title=\"Abstract. The credit for introducing P. canariensis goes to the early California nurserymen. The \ufb01rst nursery to offer P. canariensis for sale in California was the nursery of Miller &amp; Sievers in San Francisco in their 1874 catalogue. In Florida, the \ufb01rst documented introduction of P. canariensis was made by pioneering nurseryman Henry Nehrling (1853\u20131929) who obtained seeds for his central Florida nursery in 1886. He obtained seeds from the French Riviera and, later, directly from the Canary Islands\u2026 By the turn of the twentieth century P. canariensis was well established in the nursery trade in the USA. Postcards and historical photographs documented the ubiquity of this palm in American landscapes. By 1903 the palm had become so ubiquitous that Ernest Braunton was moved to write : In Los Angeles and vicinity they may be counted by the tens of thousands. In Florida, the demand for P. canariensis arose at a time when Florida was being settled as a winter vacation destination for wealthy industrialists of America\u2019s Gilded Age (1878\u201389). The use of the palm in California coincided with the post-Gold Rush (1849) economic boom and the widespread settlement of the West.\" href=\"http:\/\/http :\/\/www.learnedgardener.com\/yahoo_site_admin\/assets\/docs\/Zona_2008_history_of_Phoenix_canariensis.92103141.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http\u00a0:\/\/www.learnedgardener.com\/<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/01\/Bordighera-Charpentier-Garden.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft size-medium wp-image-6926\" src=\"http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/01\/Bordighera-Charpentier-Garden-300x175.jpg\" alt=\"Bordighera Charpentier Garden\" width=\"300\" height=\"175\" srcset=\"http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/01\/Bordighera-Charpentier-Garden-300x175.jpg 300w, http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/01\/Bordighera-Charpentier-Garden-150x87.jpg 150w, http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/01\/Bordighera-Charpentier-Garden.jpg 567w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><strong><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\">Le Parc Magauda\u00a0et les p\u00e9pini\u00e8res historiques italiennes<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 11px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\">Ill. carte postale (collection priv\u00e9e)<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\">Le Parc Magauda (situ\u00e9 dans le quartier de Borghetto \u00e0 l\u2019ouest de la ville italienne de Bordighera), t\u00e9moigne de la reconversion de la palmiculture rituelle en direction de la culture de palmiers des Canaries destin\u00e9es \u00e0 l\u2019ornement. Vraisemblablement plant\u00e9 \u00e0 la fin du XIX\u00b0 si\u00e8cle, il abritait aussi une ferme, dont les \u00e9tables ont \u00e9t\u00e9 reconverties partiellement en chambres d\u2019h\u00f4tes. L\u2019entrepreneur fran\u00e7ais qui a fond\u00e9 le parc Magauda s\u2019appelait Henri Charpentier. Il exportait ses palmiers <em>canariensis<\/em> jusqu\u2019en Am\u00e9rique. On manque toutefois de documents sur ce personnage, et sur le r\u00f4le qu\u2019il a pu jouer dans le d\u00e9veloppement des p\u00e9pini\u00e8res am\u00e9ricaines. La voie d\u2019acc\u00e8s au domaine, plant\u00e9e de palmiers, est encore d\u00e9nomm\u00e9e \u2018Rue Canariensis\u2019. Ce jardin historique est en train de disparaitre, suite \u00e0 son infestation par le charan\u00e7on rouge du palmier, en l\u2019absence \u00e0 ce jour de mesures pr\u00e9ventives ou curatives. Il existait d&rsquo;autres p\u00e9pini\u00e8res historiques de <em>Phoenix canariensis<\/em> dans les vallons de Bordighera. Leur histoire est \u00e0 \u00e9crire. Il doit s\u2019agir d\u2019au moins 2000 palmiers, dont les concentrations les plus importantes ont \u00e9t\u00e9 r\u00e9cemment laiss\u00e9es \u00e0 l\u2019abandon et se sont ensauvag\u00e9es. Il n\u2019existe par ailleurs aucune protection de ces sites, lesquels ne sont m\u00eame pas recens\u00e9s du fait qu\u2019il s\u2019agit de terrains agricoles, que leur propri\u00e9taire peut donc \u00e0 tout moment \u00e9radiquer. Ces p\u00e9pini\u00e8res abandonn\u00e9es composent encore, de nos jours, un paysage exotisant unique en Europe, \u00e0 l\u2019exception des \u00eeles grecques et de leurs palmeraies spontan\u00e9es de Phoenix theophrasti.Elles sont en cours de disparition, suite \u00e0 leur r\u00e9cente infestation par le charan\u00e7on rouge (<em>Rhynchophorus ferrugineus<\/em>).\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\">Le Jardin Brin et le Projet Phoenix<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\">Situ\u00e9 \u00e0 Bordighera dans le hameau de Sasso, dans la partie haute du vallon, le Jardin Brin abrite environ 150 palmiers es Canaries, originellement destin\u00e9s \u00e0 la production de feuilles \u00e0 usage ornemental. La reconversion de ce jardin a fait l\u2019objet d\u2019une intervention paysag\u00e8re extr\u00eamement int\u00e9ressante. Les palmiers ont \u00e9t\u00e9 conserv\u00e9s, et int\u00e9gr\u00e9s dans une strate herbac\u00e9e de type pelouse, ornement\u00e9e de diverses \u0153uvres d\u2019art totalement int\u00e9gr\u00e9es. Suite \u00e0 son infestation par le charan\u00e7on rouge du palmier en 2015, il a re\u00e7u l&rsquo;appui du Projet Phoenix en mati\u00e8re de gestion de l&rsquo;infestation.<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/01\/Ospedaletti-Expedition-de-palmiers-1906.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft size-medium wp-image-5782\" src=\"http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/01\/Ospedaletti-Expedition-de-palmiers-1906-300x183.jpg\" alt=\"Commerce Exp\u00e9dition de palmiers \u00e0 Rome Ospedaletti 1906\" width=\"300\" height=\"183\" srcset=\"http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/01\/Ospedaletti-Expedition-de-palmiers-1906-300x183.jpg 300w, http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/01\/Ospedaletti-Expedition-de-palmiers-1906-150x91.jpg 150w, http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/01\/Ospedaletti-Expedition-de-palmiers-1906.jpg 648w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><span style=\"color: #008000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><strong><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\">3.3 Bibliographie en ligne<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 11px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\">Illustration: les premi\u00e8res p\u00e9pini\u00e8res de palmiers destin\u00e9s \u00e0 l\u2019exportation voient le jour sur la Riviera italienne d\u00e9s le 19\u00b0 si\u00e8cle.<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\">Les plantes introduites au fil des si\u00e8cles font l\u2019objet de nos recherches en mati\u00e8re d\u2019ethnobotanique et d\u2019histoire des paysages. Il s\u2019agit essentiellement, entre l\u2019Antiquit\u00e9 et la Renaissance, des palmes, des agrumes, des plantes \u00e0 parfums et des cultures florales. A l\u2019\u00e9poque moderne, avec l\u2019essor de la vill\u00e9giature, une multitude d\u2019autres esp\u00e8ces sont introduites dans le cadre des jardins d\u2019agr\u00e9ment. Les recherches pr\u00e9sent\u00e9es ici traitent des usages de ces plantes et des pratiques culturales qui accompagnent leur introduction, ainsi que des dimensions \u00e9conomiques, sociales et culturelles de l\u2019acclimatation.<\/span><\/span><\/strong><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong> Plus d\u2019informations sur l\u2019histoire de l\u2019acclimatation sur la C\u00f4te d\u2019Azur \u00e0 cette adresse:<\/strong> <a href=\"http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/?page_id=4770\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>Voir aussi: PARGUEL N. 2009. Jardins d\u2019acclimatation sur la Riviera.<\/strong> In: Nice historique, n\u00b01-2009. Link: <a title=\"Abstract. Cet article tr\u00e8s document\u00e9 fait le point sur l\u2019histoire des jardins d\u2019acclimatation de la C\u00f4te d\u2019Azur fran\u00e7aise, pour l\u2019essentiel. La premi\u00e8re impulsion quant \u00e0 l'implantation de v\u00e9g\u00e9taux exotiques sur la Riviera, provint de l\u2019imp\u00e9ratrice Jos\u00e9phine de BEAUHARNAIS qui exp\u00e9dia au d\u00e9but du 19\u00b0 si\u00e8cle nombre de plantes en provenance des serres de la Malmaison, principalement en direction de Toulon. C\u2019est dans cette r\u00e9gion que se d\u00e9veloppent, jusqu\u2019en 1821, les premiers jardins et la palmiculture. La partie de la C\u00f4te allant de Cannes \u00e0 Menton prend le relais \u00e0 partir de 1856, avec des r\u00e9alisations majeures parmi lesquelles on rel\u00e8ve notamment, en mati\u00e8re de palmiers : * Le jardin d\u2019Eug\u00e8ne MAZEL \u00e0 Golfe Juan (ca 1860), * La Villa Vigier \u00e0 Nice (1862) o\u00f9 est mentionn\u00e9e la premi\u00e8re introduction de Phoenix canariensis, * La Villa Les Tropiques toujours \u00e0 Nice (1892) avec 125 vari\u00e9t\u00e9s de palmiers.\" href=\"http:\/\/http :\/\/www.snhf.org\/images\/stories\/4_Histoire_horticulture\/jardins_dacclimatation_sur_la_riviera.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http\u00a0:\/\/www.snhf.org\/<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>{tab=MENACES}<\/p>\n<div><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 11px;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft size-medium wp-image-6879\" src=\"http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/01\/Map-Canariensis-Rhynchophorus-Diocalandra-300x212.jpg\" alt=\"Map Canariensis Rhynchophorus Diocalandra\" width=\"300\" height=\"212\" srcset=\"http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/01\/Map-Canariensis-Rhynchophorus-Diocalandra-300x212.jpg 300w, http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/01\/Map-Canariensis-Rhynchophorus-Diocalandra-150x106.jpg 150w, http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/01\/Map-Canariensis-Rhynchophorus-Diocalandra-1024x723.jpg 1024w, http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/01\/Map-Canariensis-Rhynchophorus-Diocalandra.jpg 1191w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/>Ill. Distribution des 2 principaux ravageurs du palmier, Rhynchophorus et Diocalandra, dans les \u00eeles Canaries. Source: <a title=\"Abstract. El jueves 11 de marzo 2010 se celebr\u00f3 en el Edificio de Humanidades de la ULPGC y organizado por el Aula de la Naturaleza del Vicerrectorado de Cultura y Deporte de la Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, una conferencia y mesa redonda sobre la situaci\u00f3n y distribuci\u00f3n de las palmeras en general, y de la palmera canaria, en particular. Concretamente, la actividad comenz\u00f3 con la impartici\u00f3n de una conferencia titulada Distribuci\u00f3n y patrones de especiaci\u00f3n y dispersi\u00f3n en las palmeras (Arecaceae), a cargo del Doctor en Biolog\u00eda y Ecolog\u00eda Tropical de la Universidad de Toulouse (Francia) y especialista en la diversidad gen\u00e9tica y la filog\u00e9nesis de las palmeras, Jean-Christophe Pintaud. A continuaci\u00f3n, tuvo lugar una mesa redonda sobre La palmera canaria y los palmerales: Conservaci\u00f3n y estado actual en Gran Canaria, que cont\u00f3 con la participaci\u00f3n del mismo Jean-Christophe Pintaud ; Pedro Sosa Henr\u00edquez, Catedr\u00e1tico de Bot\u00e1nica de la ULPGC; Pedro Luis P\u00e9rez de Paz, Catedr\u00e1tico de Bot\u00e1nica de la ULL; y Marco M\u00e1rquez Garc\u00eda, ge\u00f3grafo y t\u00e9cnico del Cabildo de Gran Canaria. Adem\u00e1s asistieron a la misma t\u00e9cnicos y especialistas de distintos organismos p\u00fablicos (Cabildos, INIA, Gesplan, etc.). Entre lo mucho e interesante que se trat\u00f3 tanto en la charla como en la posterior mesa redonda llam\u00f3 mucho la atenci\u00f3n la situaci\u00f3n actual de la plaga de Diocalandra frumenti, un escarabajo del grupo de los gorgojos que, al igual que el popularizado picudo rojo (Rhynchophorus ferrugineus), ataca a la palmera canaria y causa su muerte. Este insecto no est\u00e1 presente en los territorios vecinos a Canarias, procede directamente del Sureste asi\u00e1tico, y ha colonizado, desde que se encontr\u00f3 en 1998 en Maspalomas, Gran Canaria, tanto esta isla, como Tenerife, Fuerteventura y Lanzarote, de manera mucho m\u00e1s importante y extensa que el picudo rojo. Se calcula que en la isla de Gran Canaria ya ha matado a unas 20.000 palmeras, y se encuentra a las puertas de los palmerales naturales. Adem\u00e1s de acabar con las palmeras, este gorgojo act\u00faa como vector de otras plagas f\u00fangicas. La espectacularidad del picudo rojo y su r\u00e1pido conocimiento por parte de la sociedad canaria, ha ocasionado que se hable mucho menos de esta otra plaga de la palmera canaria, quiz\u00e1 m\u00e1s perniciosa y desconocida que la del primero.\" href=\"http:\/\/invasionesbiologicas.blogspot.fr\/2010\/03\/diocalandra-frumenti-el-otro-picudo-de.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http:\/\/invasionesbiologicas.blogspot.fr\/<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<p><span style=\"color: #008000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>Plusieurs fl\u00e9aux menacent de nos jours le palmier des Canaries, sur l\u2019archipel et dans l\u2019ensemble de la diaspora ornementale. Le premier est le charan\u00e7on rouge (<em>Rhynchophorus ferrugineus<\/em>). Venu d\u2019Orient il y a une vingtaine d\u2019ann\u00e9es, ce ravageur est en train de conduire \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9radication de l\u2019ensemble de la palmeraie ornementale. Moins connu, <em>Diocalandra frumenti<\/em> est un autre ravageur particuli\u00e8rement pr\u00e9sent sur l\u2019archipel des Canaries (et tout aussi pr\u00e9occupant). Une derni\u00e8re menace provient de l\u2019hybridation avec d\u2019autres palmiers, principalement le palmier dattier suite \u00e0 son introduction dans l\u2019archipel comme arbre d\u2019ornement. <\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong>En savoir plus sur la lutte contre les ravageurs des palmiers :<\/strong> <a href=\"http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/?page_id=7469\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">listephoenix<\/a><\/p>\n<div><span style=\"color: #008000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>SOMMAIRE<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"color: #008000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>4.1 Pathologies (SMITH, 2009)<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"color: #008000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>4.2 Hybridation (BOURGUET , 2013, MORICI, 2006)<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"color: #008000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>4.3 Bibliographie en ligne<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><\/div>\n<div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/01\/Map-Canariensis-Rhynchophorus-diaspora.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft size-medium wp-image-6940\" src=\"http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/01\/Map-Canariensis-Rhynchophorus-diaspora-300x206.jpg\" alt=\"Map Canariensis Rhynchophorus diaspora\" width=\"300\" height=\"206\" srcset=\"http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/01\/Map-Canariensis-Rhynchophorus-diaspora-300x206.jpg 300w, http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/01\/Map-Canariensis-Rhynchophorus-diaspora-150x103.jpg 150w, http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/01\/Map-Canariensis-Rhynchophorus-diaspora.jpg 725w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #339966;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><span style=\"color: #008000;\">4.1 Pathologies<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>RED PALM WEEVIL<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, geneva, sans-serif;\"><b>Le ravageur des palmiers <\/b><\/span><em style=\"font-family: tahoma, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold;\">Rhynchophorus ferrugineus<\/em><span style=\"font-family: tahoma, geneva, sans-serif;\"><b> s\u2019est introduit en M\u00e9diterran\u00e9e par l\u2019Egypte, o\u00f9 il a d\u00e9cim\u00e9 les plantations de palmiers dattiers. Il s\u2019est d\u00e9s lors diffus\u00e9 dans la r\u00e9gion (et au-dela) sur le palmier des Canaries. Son \u00e9radication a \u00e9t\u00e9 conduite avec succ\u00e8s dans l\u2019archipel des Canaries. Les principales palmeraies patrimoniales peri-m\u00e9diterran\u00e9ennes sont par contre en train de dispara\u00eetre. Cette disparition programm\u00e9e illustre, une fois de plus, l\u2019incapacit\u00e9 des pouvoirs publics \u00e0 g\u00e9rer les crises sanitaires qui se multiplient avec la mondialisation.<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\">En savoir plus sur le ravageur des palmiers, <em>Rhyncophorus ferrugineus<\/em> (Red Palm Weevil) dans les \u00eeles Canaries<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 11px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\">Ill. (video). Gobierno de Canarias, El Picudo Rojo en Canarias<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/3VdfE9CoItY\" width=\"420\" height=\"315\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>Direcci\u00f3n General de Agricultura y Desarrollo Rural. Picudo Rojo en Canarias.<\/strong> Link: <a title=\"Abstract.  Situaci\u00f3n Actual.  Informaci\u00f3n general.  Plan de Erradicaci\u00f3n y Prevenci\u00f3n.  Plagas y enfermedades.  Legislaci\u00f3n.  Acreditaciones.  Dossier informativo.  \" href=\"http:\/\/www.picudorojocanarias.es\/index.php\/contacto-topmenu-18.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http:\/\/www.picudorojocanarias.es\/<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/01\/Canariensis-Diocalandra.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft size-medium wp-image-6941\" src=\"http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/01\/Canariensis-Diocalandra-300x225.jpg\" alt=\"Canariensis Diocalandra\" width=\"300\" height=\"225\" srcset=\"http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/01\/Canariensis-Diocalandra-300x225.jpg 300w, http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/01\/Canariensis-Diocalandra-150x112.jpg 150w, http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/01\/Canariensis-Diocalandra.jpg 318w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><strong><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\">DIOCALANDRA FRUMENTI<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 11px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\">Ill. Diocalandra frumenti (Fabricius 1801) Coleoptera: Curculionidae &#8211; syn: Diocalandra stigmaticollis -four-spotted coconut weevil from <a href=\"http:\/\/163.20.112.34\/~afu\/765p.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http:\/\/163.20.112.34\/<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\">Diocalandra frumenti a \u00e9t\u00e9 observ\u00e9 pour la premi\u00e8re fois en 1998 sur <em>Phoenix canariensis<\/em> dans le sud de Gran Canaria (Islas Canarias, Spain). Comme ce ravageur peut causer des dommages \u00e0 de nombreuses esp\u00e8ces de palmiers (y compris les palmiers dattiers et de nombreuses esp\u00e8ces d&rsquo;ornement), il est consid\u00e9r\u00e9 comme une menace pour les pays du bassin m\u00e9diterran\u00e9en. Les \u0153ufs sont pondus dans diff\u00e9rentes parties du palmier: inflorescences, base de p\u00e9tioles ou de p\u00e9doncules, ou fissures pr\u00e8s des racines adventives \u00e0 la base de la tige. Les larves se d\u00e9veloppent en creusant des galeries dans les racines, p\u00e9tioles, inflorescences et fruits. Des exsudats gommeux sont g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement visibles pr\u00e8s de l&rsquo;entr\u00e9e de la galerie. Les larves causent le jaunissement pr\u00e9matur\u00e9 et l&rsquo;effondrement des feuilles de palmier, des trous dans l\u2019ensemble de la frondaison et une chute pr\u00e9matur\u00e9e des fruits. La nymphose a lieu dans la galerie larvaire mais ne donne pas lieu \u00e0 un cocon. Les adultes sont de petite taille (6-8 mm de long), de couleur noir avec quatre grandes taches rouge\u00e2tres \u00e0 brun-jaune sur les \u00e9lytres.<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 11px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\">*Source. <strong>SMITH S. 2009. <em>Diocalandra frumenti<\/em>. Draft Data Sheet Extensive version.<\/strong> In: EUROPEAN AND MEDITERRANEAN PLANT PROTECTION ORGANIZATION. Link: <a title=\"Abstract. Diocalandra frumenti was observed for the first time in 1998 on Phoenix canariensis in the south of Gran Canaria (Islas Canarias, Spain). As this palm borer can cause damage to many palm species (including date palms and many ornamental species) it is felt that it could represent a threat to palm-growing countries around the Mediterranean Basin. Distribution *EPPO region: Spain (Islas Canarias only). Found in 1998 in the south of Gran Canaria, and then in other islands (Fuerteventura, Lanzarote and Tenerife). More data is needed on the severiy of the attacks on P. canariensis. *Africa: Madagascar, Seychelles, Somalia, Tanzania (including Zanzibar). *Asia: Bangladesh, India, Indonesia, Japan (Okinawa: Ryukyu archipelago; Moritomo, 1985), Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand. *Oceania: Australia (Northern Territory, Queensland), Guam, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Solomon Islands. *South America: Ecuador. It concerns economically important palm species such as: Cocos nucifera, Phoenix dactylifera, P. canariensis, Elaeis guineensis. In the literature a large number of other palm species are mentioned, such as: Archontophoenix alexandrea, Chrysalidocarpus lutescens, Howea belmoreana, Mascarena verchaffeltii, Phoenix loureirii, Phoenix roebelenii, Roystonea regia. Larvae of D. frumenti bore galleries in roots, petioles, inflorescences and fruits of palms. Gummy exudates are usually seen near the gallery entrance. Larvae cause premature yellowing and collapse of palm fronds, emergence holes in new and old fronds, premature shedding of fruits. Death of mature P. canariensis is reported from Australia. Eggs are laid in various sites: inflorescences, base of petioles or peduncles, in cracks near adventitious roots at the base of the stem. Larvae develop within the palm tree. Pupation takes place within the larval gallery but no cocoon is made. Adults are small (6-8 mm long), shiny black weevils with four large reddish to brownish-yellow spots on the elytra.\" href=\"https:\/\/www.eppo.int\/QUARANTINE\/Pest_Risk_Analysis\/PRAdocs_insects\/draft_ds\/10-15862%20Draft%20DS%20Diocalandra%20frumenti%20rev.doc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.eppo.int\/<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>BIBLIOGRAPHIE INDICATIVE<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>GONZ\u00c1LEZ-N\u00da\u00d1EZ M., JIM\u00c9NEZ-\u00c1LVAREZ A., SALOMONE F., CARNERO A., DELESTAL P., ESTEBANDUR\u00c1 J.R. 2002. <em>Diocalandra frumenti<\/em> (Fabricius) (Coleoptera Curculionidae), nueva plaga de palmeras introducida en Gran Canaria.<\/strong> Primeros estudios de su biolog\u00eda y cr\u00eda en laboratorio. In: Bol. San. Veg. Plagas, 28:347-355, 2002. Link: <a title=\"Abstract. Diocalandra frumenti, curculi\u00f3nido plaga de palmeras en diversas \u00e1reas litorales de los oc\u00e9anos Pac\u00edfico e \u00edndico, ha sido recientemente introducido en la Isla de Gran Ca- naria, constituyendo un claro peligro para la palmera Canaria y otras palm\u00e1ceas. En este trabajo se presentan los resultados obtenidos con distintos m\u00e9todos de cr\u00eda en laborato- rio ensayados. Utilizando fragmentos de ca\u00f1a de az\u00facar, sobre la que se colocaban 10 parejas de adultos durante una semana, se obtuvo una media de 4,2 adultos por ca\u00f1a, con una duraci\u00f3n del desarrollo de 7,8 d\u00edas para los huevos, de 76,2 d\u00edas para la larva y de 10,2 d\u00edas para la pupa. Mediante la utilizaci\u00f3n de 4 diferentes dietas artificiales se obtuvieron porcentajes de supervivencia de 0%, 15,6%, 11,1% y 37,8% y una duraci\u00f3n del periodo larvario de 73,2, 69,2 y 60,9 d\u00edas.\" href=\"http:\/\/www.magrama.gob.es\/ministerio\/pags\/biblioteca\/revistas\/pdf_plagas%2FBSVP-28-03-347-355.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http:\/\/www.magrama.gob.es\/<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>GESPLAN. S.A.U. 2008. <em>Diocalandra frumenti<\/em> (Fabricius 1801). Picudo de las palmera. Lesser coconut weevil.<\/strong> Link: <a title=\"Abstract. DESCRIPCI\u00d3N. DISTRIBUCI\u00d3N. H\u00c1BITAT. BIOLOG\u00cdA Y ECOLOG\u00cdA. FECHA O PERIODO INTRODUCCI\u00d3N. PRINCIPAL V\u00cdA DE DISPERSI\u00d3N O PROPAGACI\u00d3N ACTUAL. IMPACTO.\" href=\"http:\/\/www.interreg-bionatura.com\/especies\/pdf\/Diocalandra%20frumenti.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http:\/\/www.interreg-bionatura.com\/<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/01\/Phoenix-hybridation.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft size-medium wp-image-6942\" src=\"http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/01\/Phoenix-hybridation-300x211.jpg\" alt=\"Phoenix hybridation\" width=\"300\" height=\"211\" srcset=\"http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/01\/Phoenix-hybridation-300x211.jpg 300w, http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/01\/Phoenix-hybridation-150x105.jpg 150w, http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/01\/Phoenix-hybridation.jpg 621w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><span style=\"color: #008000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><strong>4.2 Hybridation<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\">La capacit\u00e9 d&rsquo;hybridation intersp\u00e9cifique propre au genre Phoenix, se manifeste tout particuli\u00e8rement dans les cultures ornementales, o\u00f9 plusieurs esp\u00e8ces sont mises en pr\u00e9sence et ensuite multipli\u00e9es sur place. Au bout de quelques g\u00e9n\u00e9rations, une diversit\u00e9 nouvelle finit par s\u2019organiser, d\u2019o\u00f9 \u00e9mergent des ph\u00e9notypes hybrides propres \u00e0 chaque lieu de culture. Outre l\u2019int\u00e9r\u00eat historique, paysager et horticole, ce ph\u00e9nom\u00e8ne d\u2019hybridation libre est tr\u00e8s int\u00e9ressant pour comprendre la dynamique de la diversit\u00e9 dans un complexe d\u2019esp\u00e8ces, et en particulier pour mesurer l\u2019influence des facteurs g\u00e9n\u00e9tiques sur les traits ph\u00e9notypiques. Diverses \u00e9tudes consacr\u00e9es aux palmiers ont \u00e9t\u00e9 men\u00e9es depuis plusieurs ann\u00e9es sur le site de Bordighera\/ San Remo (Italie). Cette r\u00e9gion est en effet un site d&rsquo;acclimatation historique, marqu\u00e9 en particulier par les premi\u00e8res introductions in situ de <em>Phoenix dactylifera<\/em> (Moyen-Orient), <em>P. canariensis<\/em> (Iles Canaries), <em>P. sylvestris<\/em> (Inde) et <em>P. reclinata<\/em> (Afrique). Cette publication r\u00e9cente vient de faire le point sur les m\u00e9thodes exp\u00e9riment\u00e9es, les donn\u00e9es recueillies \u00e0 ce jour et les perspectives de recherches futures.<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 11px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\">*Source. <strong>BOURGUET S. 2013. Dynamique de l\u2019hybridation dans le genre Phoenix sur la Riviera italienne: caract\u00e9risation g\u00e9n\u00e9tique et ph\u00e9notypique<\/strong>. Universit\u00e9 de Montpellier, juin 2013, Master Biologie des Plantes et des Micro-organismes, Biotechnologies, Bioproc\u00e9d\u00e9s. Link: <a title=\"Abstract. Afin d'am\u00e9liorer nos connaissances sur la dyn amique d\u2019hybridation dans le genre Phoenix sur la Riviera italienne, nous avons entrepris une \u00e9tude bas\u00e9e sur deux niveaux d\u2019approche compl\u00e9mentaire. (1) Niveau g\u00e9notypique, approche bas\u00e9e sur le g\u00e9notypage de 3 minisatellites chloroplastiques et de 18 loc i microsatellites nucl\u00e9aires, chez les hybrides P. reclinata x canariensis, P. dactylifera x theophrasti, P. sylvestris x canariensis et P. dactylifera x canariensis , ainsi que chez les esp\u00e8ces pures impliqu\u00e9es. (2) Niveau ph\u00e9notypique, avec une approche de morphom\u00e9trie appliqu\u00e9e aux graines ( mesure des dimensions et analyse de la forme du contour ) et une \u00e9tude fond\u00e9e sur la spectrophotom\u00e9trie proche infra - rouge (SPIR), appliqu\u00e9es sur les feuilles, afin de distinguer les esp\u00e8ces et hybrides de Phoenix. Un d\u00e9but d\u2019approche sur la ph\u00e9nologie de la floraison des hybrides et des esp\u00e8ces pures impliqu\u00e9es a \u00e9galement \u00e9t\u00e9 men\u00e9. La caract\u00e9risation g\u00e9n\u00e9tique et ph\u00e9notypique de la dynamique d\u2019hybridation dans le genre Phoenix , sur la Riviera Italienne, se fonde sur l\u2019analyse statistique des relations entre g\u00e9notypes et ph\u00e9notypes. Cette approche doit contribuer \u00e0 valider des m\u00e9thodes d\u2019identification ph\u00e9notypique (morphom\u00e9trie g\u00e9om\u00e9trique et SPIR ) et permettra de caract\u00e9riser les patrons de variation des caract\u00e8res induits par l\u2019hybridation et en particulier de quantifier les distances aux ph\u00e9notypes parentaux sur certains caract\u00e8res.\" href=\"http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/01\/BOURGUET-S.-2013-Dynamique-de-l%E2%80%99hybridation-dans-le-genre-Phoenix-sur-la-Riviera-italienne.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\">Les diff\u00e9rentes esp\u00e8ces de Phoenix \u00e0 Tenerife (\u00eeles Canaries)<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\">Tenerife est la plus grande des \u00eeles de l\u2019Archipel. On y trouve des centaines de <em>P dactylifera<\/em>. La plupart d&rsquo;entre eux ont \u00e9t\u00e9 import\u00e9s comme sp\u00e9cimens adultes il y a environ 15-20 ans, dans les nouvelles zones touristiques, pour l\u2019essentiel en provenance d&rsquo;Elche, dans l&rsquo;Espagne du Sud-Est. De petites populations de dattiers sont n\u00e9anmoins pr\u00e9sentes dans les \u00eeles depuis le moyen-\u00e2ge voire plus t\u00f4t. Quelques vieux sp\u00e9cimens de <em>Phoenix rupicola<\/em> sont aussi pr\u00e9sents dans l&rsquo;\u00eele. Des <em>P. roebelenii<\/em> sont apparus comme arbres d\u2019ornement au cours des derni\u00e8res d\u00e9cennies. <em>P. reclinata<\/em> est presque inconnu, sauf dans le Jardin Botanique d&rsquo;Orotava, avec d&rsquo;autres esp\u00e8ces moins communes, comme <em>P. theophrasti<\/em>. Une autre esp\u00e8ce de Phoenix peut avoir exist\u00e9 au sud de l\u2019\u00eele: <em>P. atlantica<\/em>, un taxon de statut tr\u00e8s douteux, dont le nom commun est Palma Berberisca. De nos jours ces sp\u00e9cimens, s&rsquo;ils existent dans les \u00celes Canaries, sont trop crois\u00e9s avec <em>P. dactylifera<\/em> pour \u00eatre facilement identifi\u00e9s et \u00e9tudi\u00e9s.<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\">Le probl\u00e8me de l\u2019hybridation<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\">Les diff\u00e9rentes esp\u00e8ces du genre Phoenix peuvent tr\u00e8s facilement s\u2019hybrider. Dans une esp\u00e8ce comme<em> P. dactylifera<\/em>, le pollen est dispers\u00e9 par le vent sur plusieurs kilom\u00e8tres. La profusion de ces esp\u00e8ces dans les \u00eeles, pose un probl\u00e8me de contamination g\u00e9n\u00e9tique pour le palmier autochtone, <em>P. canariensis<\/em>. De nos jours, le nombre de palmiers sauvages augmente dans les Canaries, o\u00f9 ils ont commenc\u00e9 \u00e0 recoloniser des terrains abandonn\u00e9s. En quelques endroits, comme dans la vall\u00e9e de San Andres, on est en train de voir appara\u00eetre les premi\u00e8res populations hybrides sauvages. Il est difficile de d\u00e9finir les parents de ces hybrides, du fait qu\u2019ils sont probablement de seconde g\u00e9n\u00e9ration, mais tous doivent provenir d&rsquo;un m\u00e9lange de <em>P. canariensis, P. dactylifera <\/em>et<em> P. rupicola.<\/em> Heureusement, les palmiers autochtones exc\u00e8dent largement le nombre de palmiers allog\u00e8nes. Si des efforts de conservation existent, la pr\u00e9sence de p\u00e9pini\u00e8res qui importent des palmiers demeure probl\u00e9matique.<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 11px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\">*Source. <strong>MORICI Carlo 2006, La Palmera Canaria: Phoenix canariensis<\/strong>, in Rincones del Atlantico, N\u00b0 3. Link: <a title=\"Abstract Phoenix dactylifera On the largest island, Tenerife, there are hundreds of P dactylifera. Most of them are grown in the lowlands of the southwestern part of the island, an area that has probably never been home to P canariensis because of its dryness. Indeed, the true date palm apparently grows there better than the native Phoenix. Most of the ooaliens&quot; actually existing have been imported as adult specimens some 15-20 years ago mostly from Elche, the &quot;date city&quot; of southeastern Spain, to line roads, of the then new tourist areas. Nevertheless, small populations of date palms have been preserit on the islands since time immemorial, maybe prehistory (Schmid in Kunkel 1976), and became locally naturalized in some small areas of Tenerife, Gran Canaria, Fuerteventura, and Lanzarote. Date palms were so integrated in the Canaries that the well-known Enciclopedia Espasa reported the existence of only 30 &quot;not- well-identified&quot; date palm varieties in the Elche area and, in the Canaries, 15 varieties of the o'Berberfa&quot; type (Anonymous 1970). Phoenix rupicola A few old specimens of Phoenix rupicola grow on the island. Two plants are found in the small square of Icod de Los Vinos (Northern Coast), where they usually pass unnoticed because of the notable presence of the very famous crested Liuistona chinensis ssp. chinensls with eight heads, and the ancient dragon tree, a Dracena draco, rhotght to be around 2000 years old. More P. rupicola can be seen in old gardens of Santa Cruz and other historical settlements. P. roebelenii, reclinata et theophrasti. Many P roebelenii have appeared as ornamentals in the last few decades but, luckily, P. reclinata is almost unknown, except in the Botanical Garden of La Orotava, where other less common species, such as P. theophrastl, are grown. Last year, a few other exotic Phoenlr spp. have been unwillingly imported for the new Palmetum of Santa Cruz. The Doubtful Phoenix atlantica In the southern portions ofthe islands another Phoenix species may have existed rather than P canariensis: P. atlantica A.Chev., a taxon of very doubtful status, whose common name is Palma Berberisca. The peculiarities of the &quot;atlantic&quot; species, closely related to P. dactylifera, are the shorter, stiffer leaves and a curious habit of producing new shoots directly from the crown of leaves instead of from the base of the trunk, therefore resulting in irregularly branched palm trees (Kunkel and Kunkel I974). Phoenix atlantica was reported from all the Macaronesian archipelagos, Canarias, Cabo Verde, and Madeira, but nowadays specimens in Canary Islands, if they exist, are too much mixed with common dactyliferas to be easily identified and studied. Moreover, most branched palm trees have been collected and planted in streets, parks. and road inlerseclions. The Problem of Hybridization Phoenix spp. are well known for their tendency to cross very easily. Large species, such as P dactylifera, are very well &quot;built&quot; for wind pollination; their pollen is said to be able to travel for many kilometers and with all this profusion of exotic Phoenix spp. on the islands, the genetic contamination of native Phoenix with pollen of imported species is a problem. Some studies on the structure of hybrid populations have been undertaken at the University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (Santana-Santana et al., in press) and a ban has been enforced to prevent importations of exotic Phoenix spp. Crosses between the palrnera canaria and the palmera datilera are very hard to detect at their young stage, because canariensis-green leaves are usually dominant over the dactylifera blue ones. Hybrid plants reveal their origin just at the adult stage when they start to produce a trunk thinner than normal, leaves appear more rigid, and fruits turn out to be red and fleshy. A fully variable collection of hybrids is grown at the Casino Taoro Gardens in Puerto de La Cruz, Tenerife. It is difficult to tell the parents by looking at a single plant as many of them are probably second-generation hybrids, but all the plants grown may come from a mix of P canariensis, P. dactylifera, and P. rupicola. Smaller Phoenix species, such as P. roebelenii, represent a lesser danger as pollen producers. Their pollen is not able to cruise long distances because of their low height and inflorescence structure, which seems to be zoophilous rather than anemophilous. Nowadays the number of wild palms in the Canaries is evidently growing. In the last 20 years, since many of the fields had been abandoned, palms started to recolonize naturally some of the valley bottoms from which they had been eradicated centuries before. In most cases, all the new palms, all of similar age, originated from a few tall mother plants, which are still in place. In some places, as observed in the valley of San Andr6s, where some of the mother plants were P dactylifera, many of the new palms are hybrids, so we are in the dangerous situation of encountering the first wild hybrid populations. Fortunately, the native palms abundantly exceed the aliens by number. Minor efforts are being made to conserve the species: many streets are being lined with pure &quot;canariensis.&quot; Los Canarios, the inhabitants, are very cooperative people from an ecological point of view and are starting to realize how big the problem is. Sadly some nurserymen are illegally importing exotic Phoenix spp. among other palms from places as far away as Cuba, and some others are planting thousands oflocally produced seeds of P. rupicola. &quot;Es para Ia peninsulal&quot; (Mainland Spain), they say, but I am sure that a few plants will not leave the island as the temptation to keep one (Just one, come on!) is too big. Luckily in the island of La Gomera, la palmera canaria is almost safe.\" href=\"http:\/\/www.rinconesdelatlantico.com\/num3\/16_phoenix.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http:\/\/www.rinconesdelatlantico.com\/<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #008000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><strong><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\">4.3 Bibliographie en ligne<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>BALLARDINI M., MERCURI A., LITTARDI C., ABBAS S., COUDERC M., LUDE\u00d1A B., PINTAUD J.-C. 2013. The chloroplast DNA locus psbZ-trnfM as a potential barcode marker in Phoenix L. (Arecaceae).<\/strong> Link: <a title=\"Abstract. The genus Phoenix (Arecaceae) comprises 14 species distributed from Cape Verde Islands to SE Asia. It includes the economically important species Phoenix dactylifera. The paucity of differential morphological and anatomical useful characters, and interspecific hybridization, make identification of Phoenix species difficult. In this context, the development of reliable DNA markers for species and hybrid identification would be of great utility. Previous studies identified a 12 bp polymorphic chloroplast minisatellite in the trnG (GCC)-trnfM (CAU) spacer, and showed its potential for species identification in Phoenix. In this work, in order to develop an efficient DNA barcode marker for Phoenix, a longer cpDNA region (700 bp) comprising the mentioned minisatellite, and located between the psbZ and trnfM (CAU) genes, was sequenced. One hundred and thirty-six individuals, representing all Phoenix species except P. andamanensis,were analysed. The minisatellite showed 2-7 repetitions of the 12 bp motif, with 1-3 out of seven haplotypes per species. Phoenix reclinata and P. canariensis had species-specific haplotypes. Additional polymorphisms were found in the flanking regions of the minisatellite, including substitutions, indels and homopolymers. All this information allowed us to identify unambiguously eight out of the 13 species, and overall 80% of the individuals sampled. Phoenix rupicola and P. theophrasti had the same haplotype, and so had P. atlantica, P. dactylifera, and P. sylvestris (the \u201cdate palm complex\u201d sensu Pintaud et al. 2013). For these species, additional molecular markers will be required for their unambiguous identification. The psbZ-trnfM (CAU) region therefore could be considered as a good basis for the establishment of a DNA barcoding system in Phoenix, and is potentially useful for the identification of the female parent in Phoenix hybrids.\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC3890672\/pdf\/ZooKeys-365-071.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>GONZALEZ-PEREZ, M.A., SOSA, P.A., 2009, Hybridization and Introgression between the endemic Phoenix canariensis and the introcuded P. dactylifera in the Canary Islands<\/strong>, in The Open Forest Science Journal, 2009, 2, 78-85. Link: <a title=\"Abstract. The proportion of hybridization and introgression between the endemic Phoenix canariensis (Canarian date palm) and the introduced P. dactylifera (date palm), were characterized using a multilocus isozyme genotype, based on 17 isozyme loci. In order to evaluate the multilocus isozyme genotype\u2019s ability to detect hybridization and introgression between the endemic Phoenix canariensis and the introduced P. dactylifera, multilocus genotype data from pure and putative hybrid populations were analyzed with a Bayesian-based method, implemented in the STRUCTURE software. The identity of all Phoenix canariensis plants was confirmed. However, in the putative P. dactylifera individuals examined, some of them were designated as hybrid, and others as Canarian date palms. Individuals from each species were clustered separately, while putative hybrid individuals shared ancestors from clusters where both Phoenix species were assigned. In agreement with this, FCA showed that the hybrids were localized between P. canariensis and P. dactylifera individuals\u2019 clouds, but with a closer proximity to the former, suggesting an introgression from Phoenix dactylifera to P. canariensis. In addition, the Bayesian cluster revealed a geographical structure within P. canariensis relative to island origin, so populations from the western islands of the archipelago were clustered together and separately from eastern islands.\" href=\"http:\/\/www.benthamscience.com\/open\/tofscij\/articles\/V002\/SI0059TOFSCIJ\/78TOFSCIJ.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http:\/\/www.benthamscience.com\/<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>GONZALEZ-PEREZ, CAUJAPE-CASTELLS, SOSA 2004. Allozyme variation and structure of the Canarian endemic palm tree Phoenix canariensis (Arecaceae): implications for conservation.<\/strong> In: Heredity (2004) 93, 307\u2013315. Link: <a title=\"Abstract. Electrophoretic analysis of 18 allozyme loci was used to estimate the levels and structuring of genetic variation within and among natural populations of the protected endemic palm species from the Canary Islands (Phoenix canariensis) to evaluate its genetic relationship with the widespread congener P. dactylifera, and to assess comparatively the genetic variation in the populations where the two species coexist with morphologically intermediate plants (mixed populations). Our survey revealed that the within-population component explains roughly 75% of the genetic variation levels detected in P. canariensis (A \u00bc 1.59; P \u00bc 41.8; He \u00bc 0.158), which rank higher than those reported for other species of the Arecaceae. A Principal Component analysis (PCA) based on allele frequencies consistently separates populations of P. canariensis and P. dactylifera, and reveals a close genetic relationship between P. canariensis and the mixed populations. Reduced levels of genetic variation in P. canariensis with respect to P. dactylifera, the fact that the genetic makeup of the Canarian endemic (with no unique alleles) is a subset of that found in P. dactylifera, and the high genetic identity between both species strongly suggest that P. canariensis is recently derived from a common ancestor closely related to P. dactylifera.\" href=\"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/hdy\/journal\/v93\/n3\/full\/6800507a.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http:\/\/www.nature.com\/<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>GONZALEZ-PEREZ, CAUJAPE-CASTELLS, SOSA 2004. Molecular evidence of hybridisation between the endemic Phoenix canariensis and the widespread P. dactylifera with Random Ampli\ufb01ed Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers.<\/strong> Link: <a title=\"Abstract. We used RAPD markers to test whether morphologically intermediate individuals between the Canarian endemic Phoenix canariensis and the widespread P. dactylifera correspond to hybrids. Consistent with previous allozyme evidence, the scarcity of appropriate RAPD markers to distin- guish P. dactylifera and P. canariensis indicated a close genetic relationship among these species. Only two of the 54 ten-mer primers (OPM-8 and OPK- 14) tested in 221 individuals from 7 localities in di\ufb00erent islands enabled us to unambiguously identify both species. While P. canariensis possesses two exclusive monomorphic bands of 1000 bp and 750 bp (for OPM-8 and OPM-14, respectively), P. dactylifera is characterised by two bands of 900 bp and 950 bp for the same primers. The additivity of these taxon-speci\ufb01c bands in the individuals that were morphologically intermediate provided, for the \ufb01rst time, \ufb01rm evidence for their hybrid origin. Because these hybridisation capabilities pose clear threats to the survival of the endemic P. canariensis and some individuals that had been morphologi- cally characterised as pure P. canariensis revealed later a hybrid nature in the RAPD analysis, we suggest that RAPD markers be used to estimate the possible incidence of introgression in the scarce extant natural populations of P. canariensis. This procedure will provide a straightforward means to select target populations to implement the \u2018\u2018in situ\u2019\u2019 conservation strategies suggested previously on the basis of allozyme research.\" href=\"http:\/\/download.springer.com\/static\/pdf\/809\/art%253A10.1007%252Fs00606-004-0166-7.pdf?auth66=1352462437_08488222e066b6e5c0049a2a45ae960b&amp;ext=.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http:\/\/download.springer.com\/<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>SAUVAIGO E. 1894. Les Phoenix cultiv\u00e9s dans les jardins de Nice.<\/strong> In Revue Horticole 66 : 493-499. Link: <a title=\"Extrait. C\u2019est par le secours du pollen du Palmier des Canaries qu\u2019un grand nombre d\u2019hybrides fertiles du Dattier du Sahara ont pris naissance et produisent aujourd\u2019hui dans quelques jardins d\u2019Hy\u00e8res, du golfe Juan, d\u2019Antibes, des dattes mures et mangeables, Cependant, ces dattes laissent toujours dans la bouche une saveur d\u2019\u00e2pret\u00e9 ; leur pulpe a le d\u00e9faut d\u2019\u00e9tre trop mince. Il est vraisemblable que les r\u00e9gimes du Phoenix melanocarpa dont nous parlons, ont \u00e9t\u00e9 f\u00e9cond\u00e9s par le pollen du Ph\u0153nix ca nariensis, qui se trouve dans le voisinage de ce palmier, et que, selon toutes probabilit\u00e9s, c\u2019est \u00e0 l\u2019intervention des abeilles que ce palmier femelle doit d\u2019avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 f\u00e9cond\u00e9. On sait que les m\u00e2les du palmier du Sahara sont assez rares et ne se rencontrent qu\u2019\u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9tat d\u2019isolement dans les jardins du littoral. L\u2019id\u00e9e \u00e9mise, il y a quelques ann\u00e9es, par les botanistes de la r\u00e9gion, \u00e0 l\u2019apparition des premi\u00e8res fleurs du Palmier des Canaries, se trouve donc r\u00e9alis\u00e9e. Il ne sera pas impossible, disaient-ils, de r\u00e9colter bient\u00f4t des dattes mangeables sur le littoral de la Provence, \u00e0 condition que l\u2019on choisisse, d\u2019abord, les vari\u00e9t\u00e9s pr\u00e9coces du Dattier commun, et que ces vari\u00e9t\u00e9s soient f\u00e9cond\u00e9es par le pollen de leur esp\u00e8ce ou par celui du palmier des Canaries.\" href=\"http:\/\/publikationen.ub.uni-frankfurt.de\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http:\/\/publikationen.ub.uni-frankfurt.de\/<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>{\/tabs}<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Palmiculture et agrosyst\u00e8mes oasiens. CRP 2015. Monographies.\u00a0Ed. en Ligne.\u00a0 Le palmier des \u00eeles Canaries\u00a0(Phoenix canariensis) Histoire contemporaine d\u2019une diaspora embl\u00e9matique Recension bibliographique publi\u00e9e dans la&#8230;<\/p>\n<div class=\"more-link-wrapper\"><a class=\"more-link\" href=\"http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/?page_id=2301\">Continue reading<span class=\"screen-reader-text\">P. canariensis (SP)<\/span><\/a><\/div>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"parent":2313,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-2301","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry","entry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2301","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=2301"}],"version-history":[{"count":57,"href":"http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2301\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":12849,"href":"http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2301\/revisions\/12849"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2313"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=2301"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}