{"id":6953,"date":"2014-10-21T12:07:33","date_gmt":"2014-10-21T11:07:33","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/?p=6953"},"modified":"2017-05-24T13:57:39","modified_gmt":"2017-05-24T12:57:39","slug":"phoenix-canariensis","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/?p=6953","title":{"rendered":"PHOENIX CANARIENSIS"},"content":{"rendered":"<div>&nbsp;<\/div>\n<div><span style=\"font-size:16px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/10\/Phoenix-canariensis-Herbarium-Arizona-State-University.jpg\" target=\"_blank\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Phoenix canariensis Herbarium Arizona State University\" class=\"alignleft size-medium wp-image-7014\" height=\"300\" src=\"http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/10\/Phoenix-canariensis-Herbarium-Arizona-State-University-207x300.jpg\" width=\"207\" srcset=\"http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/10\/Phoenix-canariensis-Herbarium-Arizona-State-University-207x300.jpg 207w, http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/10\/Phoenix-canariensis-Herbarium-Arizona-State-University-103x150.jpg 103w, http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/10\/Phoenix-canariensis-Herbarium-Arizona-State-University-708x1024.jpg 708w, http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/10\/Phoenix-canariensis-Herbarium-Arizona-State-University.jpg 831w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 207px) 100vw, 207px\" \/><\/a><span style=\"color: rgb(0, 128, 0);\"><strong>CASTELLANA R. 2014. Le palmier des &icirc;les Canaries&nbsp;(<em>Phoenix canariensis<\/em>). Histoire contemporaine d&rsquo;une diaspora embl&eacute;matique. CRP Ed (Revue en ligne)<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div>&nbsp;<\/div>\n<div><span style=\"font-size:12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><span style=\"color:#008000;\"><strong>Lire en version pdf:<\/strong><\/span> <a href=\"http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/05\/CASTELLANA-R.-2014.-Le-palmier-des-%C3%AEles-Canaries-Phoenix-canariensis.-Histoire-contemporaine-d%E2%80%99une-diaspora-embl%C3%A9matique.pdf\">CRP 2014<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div>&nbsp;<\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<div><strong><span style=\"color:#008000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\">Les ann&eacute;es 2014\/2015 marquent un triple anniversaire pour <em>Phoenix canariensis<\/em>, les 200 ans de son introduction en Europe, les 150 ans de sa pr&eacute;sence sur la Riviera franco-italienne (foyer majeur de sa diffusion) et les 20 ans d&rsquo;une infestation massive qui menace d&eacute;sormais son existence. <em>Phoenix canariensis <\/em>est originaire des &icirc;les Canaries. Situ&eacute; au large des c&ocirc;tes de l&rsquo;Afrique, cet archipel se compose de 7 &icirc;les volcaniques qui rel&egrave;vent de la souverainet&eacute; espagnole. Ce palmier ornemental d&#39;importance mondiale est aujourd&#39;hui menac&eacute;, tant dans son aire d&#39;origine que dans sa zone r&eacute;cente de diffusion, principalement p&eacute;rim&eacute;diterran&eacute;enne et nord-am&eacute;ricaine. L&#39;int&eacute;grit&eacute; des populations natives est ainsi soumise &agrave; la pollution g&eacute;n&eacute;tique due aux esp&egrave;ces introduites (en particulier <em>Phoenix dactylifera<\/em>). Quand aux plantes de la diaspora, elles sont en train de disparaitre suite &agrave; la diffusion du ravageur <em>Rhynchophorus ferrugineus<\/em>. Les donn&eacute;es historiques et g&eacute;n&eacute;tiques indiquent que cette diaspora poss&egrave;de une base g&eacute;n&eacute;tique extr&ecirc;mement r&eacute;duite, provenant pour l&rsquo;essentiel d&#39;un lot de graines mis en culture au 19&egrave;me si&egrave;cle. La diversit&eacute; et la structure g&eacute;n&eacute;tique de l&#39;esp&egrave;ce dans son milieu naturel demeuraient par contre inconnues jusqu&rsquo;&agrave; ces derni&egrave;res ann&eacute;es. Cet article s&rsquo;attache aussi &agrave; d&eacute;crire les principales survivances actuelles de ce palmier embl&eacute;matique dans l&rsquo;un des foyers historiques majeurs de son acclimatation, la Riviera franco-italienne, o&ugrave; ce palmier est en cours d&#39;&eacute;radication.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>{tab=1.ECOLOGIE}<\/p>\n<div><span style=\"font-size:11px;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/01\/Map-La-Gomera.jpg\" target=\"_blank\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Map La Gomera\" class=\"alignleft size-medium wp-image-6876\" height=\"220\" src=\"http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/01\/Map-La-Gomera-300x220.jpg\" style=\"\" title=\"\" width=\"300\" srcset=\"http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/01\/Map-La-Gomera-300x220.jpg 300w, http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/01\/Map-La-Gomera-150x110.jpg 150w, http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/01\/Map-La-Gomera.jpg 535w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\">Ill. L&rsquo;Archipel des Canaries et l&rsquo;&icirc;le de la Gomera, la plus int&eacute;ressante en mati&egrave;re de diversit&eacute; (NOGUE et alii 2013)<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div>&nbsp;<\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size:14px;\"><span style=\"color: rgb(0, 128, 0);\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>C&rsquo;est en 1882 que <em>Phoenix canariensis<\/em> est d&eacute;crit, par CHABAUD, en tant qu&rsquo;esp&egrave;ce distincte du palmier dattier, <em>Phoenix dactylifera<\/em>. Les descriptions botaniques ont consid&eacute;rablement &eacute;volu&eacute; depuis cette &eacute;poque. Elles permettent d&eacute;sormais de mieux comprendre la popularit&eacute; de ce palmier comme arbre d&rsquo;ornement, due &agrave; 3 facteurs qui lui sont propres&nbsp;: sa croissance rapide, sa vigueur et sa r&eacute;sistance au froid. Il n&rsquo;existe pas, cependant, l&rsquo;&eacute;quivalent des riches descripteurs &eacute;labor&eacute;s pour le palmier dattier. Des travaux r&eacute;cents sont en train de combler ces lacunes, en mati&egrave;re de botanique comme de g&eacute;n&eacute;tique. <\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;<\/div>\n<div><span style=\"color:#008000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>SOMMAIRE<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"color:#008000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>1.1 Habitat et distribution <\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"color:#008000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>1.2 Description de l&rsquo;architecture des palmiers<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"color:#008000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>1.3 Diversit&eacute; g&eacute;n&eacute;tique<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"color:#008000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>1.4 Bibliographie en ligne<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div>&nbsp;<\/div>\n<div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size:14px;\"><span style=\"color: rgb(0, 128, 0);\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>1.1 Habitat et distribution<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;<\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size:11px;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/01\/Map-Canariensis-Distribution.jpg\" target=\"_blank\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Map Canariensis Distribution\" class=\"alignleft size-medium wp-image-6909\" height=\"300\" src=\"http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/01\/Map-Canariensis-Distribution-199x300.jpg\" width=\"199\" srcset=\"http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/01\/Map-Canariensis-Distribution-199x300.jpg 199w, http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/01\/Map-Canariensis-Distribution-99x150.jpg 99w, http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/01\/Map-Canariensis-Distribution.jpg 282w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 199px) 100vw, 199px\" \/><\/a><span style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\">Ill. Distribution des palmiers dans les diff&eacute;rentes &icirc;les de l&rsquo;Archipel des Canaries (NARANJO et alii 2009)<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;<\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><span style=\"color:#000000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\">Phoenix canariensis est in&eacute;galement r&eacute;parti de nos jours dans l&rsquo;archipel. Il est tr&egrave;s rare sur les deux &icirc;les orientales les plus s&egrave;ches, Lanzarote et Fuerteventura, tandis que sur les autres &icirc;les, il fait originellement partie de la v&eacute;g&eacute;tation thermophile, soit l&rsquo;&eacute;tage m&eacute;diterran&eacute;en subx&eacute;rique (mod&eacute;remment sec).<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;<\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><span style=\"color:#000000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\">Habitat<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color:#000000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\">Si la v&eacute;g&eacute;tation thermophile a presque disparu &agrave; pr&eacute;sent, il existe d&rsquo;autres associations &eacute;cologiques, appel&eacute;es &laquo;palmerales&raquo;, o&ugrave; P. canariensis est l&rsquo;esp&egrave;ce dominante, souvent associ&eacute;e &agrave; Juniperus phoenicea et\/ou Dracaena draco (l&rsquo;arbre sang dragon). P. canariensis peut &eacute;galement contribuer &agrave; une autre communaut&eacute; &eacute;cologique appel&eacute;e la laurisylve. La laurisylve est une for&ecirc;t subtropicale bien repr&eacute;sent&eacute;e en Macron&eacute;sie (&icirc;les Canaries, de Mad&egrave;re et des A&ccedil;ores), principalement compos&eacute;e d&#39;arbres de la famille des Lauraceae et autres &quot;laurifoli&eacute;s&quot;. Il est rare d&rsquo;observer des palmiers sauvages dans cet environnement, mais quand cela se pr&eacute;sente, ils prennent une apparence &quot;plumeuse&quot;, sans doute influenc&eacute;e par l&rsquo;ombrage et l&rsquo;humidit&eacute;, comme par exemple la population observ&eacute;e dans la partie basse de la for&ecirc;t pr&egrave;s de Teno (Tenerife).<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;<\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><span style=\"color:#000000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\">Distribution<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color:#000000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\">* La Gomera. L&#39;&icirc;le la plus int&eacute;ressante pour les palmiers est La Gomera, o&ugrave; des milliers de P. canariensis vivent dans les paysages les plus divers, du d&eacute;sert &agrave; des chutes d&#39;eau, montrant tous les facies possibles que ce grand palmier peut exploiter.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color:#000000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\">* Gran Canaria. Dans Gran Canaria, la d&eacute;gradation de l&#39;environnement caus&eacute;e par l&#39;homme au cours des derniers si&egrave;cles a r&eacute;duit la population de palmiers sauvages &agrave; de petits peuplements isol&eacute;s.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color:#000000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\">* Les &icirc;les de l&#39;Est. Lanzarote et Fuefteventura, en raison de leur faible altitude et la proximit&eacute; de l&#39;Afrique, poss&egrave;dent un paysage beaucoup plus aride. Les palmiers de ces &icirc;les, beaucoup moins fournis que ceux de La Gomera, pr&eacute;sentent toutefois un aspect particulier, en raison de leur adaptation &agrave; l&#39;aridit&eacute; et leur association avec les arbustes Tarnarix africana et T. canariensis.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color:#000000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\">Le palmier des Canaries est l&#39;un des palmiers les plus cultiv&eacute;s &agrave; travers le monde [car] il tol&egrave;re le froid et la chaleur, la s&eacute;cheresse et les inondations, l&#39;ombre et le soleil, l&rsquo;&eacute;cume marine ainsi que le climat de montagne.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color:#000000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\">*Source: <strong>MORICI C. 1998<\/strong>. Phoenix canariensis in the Wild. In: Principes, 42(2), 1998, pp.85-93. Link <a href=\"http:\/\/www.palms.org\/principes\/1998\/vol42n2p85-8992-93.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Abstract Typology of distribution In present times Phoenix canariensis is sparsely and unevenly distributed on all the islands of the Canaries. It is very scarce on the two drier eastern islands of Latzarore and Fuerteventura and on the other islands it grows at lower altitudes in the northern section of the islands, where it forms part of the bosque termofilo, a mediterranean subxeric (slightly dry) area. If the bosque termofilo is almost gone, there are some other ecological communities, known as &quot;palrnerales,&quot; that have P. canariensis as a dominant species often associated with Juniperus phoenicea and\/or Dracaena draco (dragon tree). P. canariensis may also contribute to another ecological community called laurisilva. Laurisilva is a sort of subtropical cloud forest endemic to the Canary Islands, Madeira, and the Azores, mostly composed of trees of the Lauraceae family and other &quot;laurifolious&quot; trees. It is unusual to see wild palms growing in this environment but when it happens they take on a more &quot;plumose&quot; appearance as in the population observed in the lower range of the forest near Teno, Tenerife. Distribution in different islands *La Gomera. The most interesting island of all for palms is La Gomera: thousands of P. canariensis live in the most diverse landscapes, from desert to waterfalls, showing every possible aspect that this mighty palm can assume. *Gran Canaria. In Gran Canaria the environmental deterioration caused by man during the last centuries reduced the wild palm population to small isolated stands. *The Eastern lslands. Lanzarote and Fuefteventura, due to their lower altitude and closeness to Africa, show a much more arid landscape.The palm stands of these islands are much less charming than those of La Gomera but are anyway peculiar, due to their adaptation to aridity and association with the shrubs Tarnarix africana and T. canariensis. The palmera canaria is one of the most grown palm trees throughout the world [because] it tolerates cold and warmth, drought and floods, shade and sun, and salt spray as well as mountain climate.\">http:\/\/www.palms.org\/<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;<\/div>\n<div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color:#008000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>1.2 Description de l&rsquo;architecture des palmiers<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;<\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size:11px;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/01\/Phoenix-Canariensis-Phyllotaxie.jpg\" target=\"_blank\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Phoenix Canariensis Phyllotaxie\" class=\"alignleft size-medium wp-image-6910\" height=\"300\" src=\"http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/01\/Phoenix-Canariensis-Phyllotaxie-198x300.jpg\" width=\"198\" srcset=\"http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/01\/Phoenix-Canariensis-Phyllotaxie-198x300.jpg 198w, http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/01\/Phoenix-Canariensis-Phyllotaxie-99x150.jpg 99w, http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/01\/Phoenix-Canariensis-Phyllotaxie.jpg 235w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 198px) 100vw, 198px\" \/><\/a><span style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\">Ill. exemples de description phyllotaxique de palmiers de diff&eacute;rentes esp&egrave;ces<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;<\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><span style=\"color:#000000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\">D&egrave;s les ann&eacute;es 1970, la d&eacute;couverte de l&rsquo;angle phyllotaxique allait poser les bases d&rsquo;une description botanique exhaustive des palmiers. Cet angle propre &agrave; chaque esp&egrave;ce de palmiers, concerne la distance d&rsquo;&eacute;mission entre chaque feuille. Il aboutit &agrave; une disposition en spirale relevant de la suite dite de Fibonacci. D&eacute;velopp&eacute;e &agrave; la m&ecirc;me &eacute;poque, la compr&eacute;hension de l&rsquo;architecture des plantes permet d&eacute;sormais la mod&eacute;lisation des palmiers dans leur ensemble.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;<\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><span style=\"color:#000000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\">Phyllotaxie des palmiers<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color:#000000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\">Les diff&eacute;rentes esp&egrave;ces de palmiers poss&egrave;dent des nombres diff&eacute;rents de spirales foliaires. Par exemple, chez Areca catechu (Fig. 1), ou Ptychosperma macarthurii, une seule spirale foliaire est visible, tandis que pour le palmier &agrave; sucre (Arenga saccharifern) (Fig. 2), ou chez Arenga pinnata, deux spirales sont visibles. Chez Borassus flabellifer (fig. 3), ou Corypha elata, ainsi qu&#39;un certain nombre d&#39;autres esp&egrave;ces de palmiers, trois spirales sont clairement &eacute;videntes. Le cocotier (Cacos nucifera) ainsi que Copernicia (Fig. 4) ont cinq spirales, tandis que le palmier &agrave; huile (Elaeis guineensis) (fig. 5) en porte huit. Le palmier dattier dit &lsquo;sauvage&rsquo; (Phoenix sylvestris) et quelques autres esp&egrave;ces de palmiers montrent &eacute;galement huit spirales.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;<\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><span style=\"color:#000000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\">Phoenix canariensis<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color:#000000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\">Sur les troncs robustes du palmier des Canaries (Phoenix canariensis) (fig. 6), treize spirales peuvent &ecirc;tre observ&eacute;es, et m&ecirc;me vingt et une dans certains cas. Il est surprenant que tous les chiffres mentionn&eacute;s ci-dessus (1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13 et 21) se trouvent &ecirc;tre les nombres de la suite de Fibonacci [soit 1+1=2, 2+1=3, 3+2=5, 5+3=8, etc.]. On ne connait pas de palmiers portant 4, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11 ou 12 spires foliaires.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color:#000000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\">*Source&nbsp;: <strong>DAVIS TA 1971<\/strong>. Why Fibonacci sequence for palm leaf spirals? May 1971 (237-244). Link <a href=\"http:\/\/www.fq.math.ca\/Scanned\/9-3\/davis1.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Abstract. Different species of palms display different numbers of leaf spirals. For example, in the arecanut palm (Areca catechu) (Fig. 1), or the ornamental Ptychosperma macarthurii palm, only a single foliar spiral is discernible, while in the sugar palm (Arenga saccharifern) (Fig. 2), or Arenga pinnata, two spirals each are visible. In the palmyra palm (Borassus flabellifer) (Fig. 3), or Corypha elata, as well as a number of other species of palms, three clear spirals are visible. The coconut palm (Cacos nucifera) as well as Copernicia spirals (Fig. 4) have five spirals, while the African oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) (Fig. 5) bears eight spirals. The wild date palm (Phoenix sylvestris) and a few other species of palms also show eight spirals. On the stout trunks of the Canary Island palm (Phoenix canariensis) (Fig. 6), thirteen spirals can. be observed. Also in some of these palms, twenty-one spirals can be made out. It is surprising that all the above-mentioned numbers (1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13 and 21) happen to be Fibonacci numbers. Palms bearing 4, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11 or 12 obvious leaf spirals are not known.\">http:\/\/www.fq.math.ca\/<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;<\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><span style=\"color:#000000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\">En savoir plus sur la mod&eacute;lisation<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color:#000000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\">Notre site web propose une description tr&egrave;s compl&egrave;te des techniques actuelles de mod&eacute;lisation de l&rsquo;architecture des palmiers &agrave; cette adresse&nbsp;: <a href=\"http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/?page_id=2299\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;<\/div>\n<div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color:#008000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>1.3 Diversit&eacute; g&eacute;n&eacute;tique<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size:11px;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/01\/Phoenix-Dateclade-haplotypes.jpg\" target=\"_blank\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Phoenix Dateclade haplotypes\" class=\"alignleft size-medium wp-image-6911\" height=\"210\" src=\"http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/01\/Phoenix-Dateclade-haplotypes-300x210.jpg\" width=\"300\" srcset=\"http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/01\/Phoenix-Dateclade-haplotypes-300x210.jpg 300w, http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/01\/Phoenix-Dateclade-haplotypes-150x105.jpg 150w, http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/01\/Phoenix-Dateclade-haplotypes.jpg 935w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><span style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\">Ill. Pintaud et al. 2010<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;<\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><span style=\"color:#000000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\">La g&eacute;n&eacute;tique a permis d&rsquo;&eacute;laborer une classification dite phylog&eacute;n&eacute;tique des plantes. Elle se pr&eacute;sente sous une forme similaire &agrave; un arbre g&eacute;n&eacute;alogique, o&ugrave; chaque esp&egrave;ce prend place lors de son apparition. 16 marqueurs microsatellites nucl&eacute;aires ou SSR, ont &eacute;t&eacute; utilis&eacute;s pour l&rsquo;&eacute;tude du genre Phoenix, par les laboratoires de l&rsquo;IRD, de l&rsquo;INRA et du CNRS de Montpellier (France). Les analyses de g&eacute;notypage ont montr&eacute; l&#39;utilit&eacute; de la plupart de ces marqueurs SSR dans un &eacute;chantillon de 11 esp&egrave;ces de Phoenix. Ils ont plus particuli&egrave;rement mis en &eacute;vidence l&rsquo;existence d&rsquo;un &lsquo;clade&rsquo; compos&eacute; de 5 esp&egrave;ces affines: P. dactylifera, P. atlantica, P. canariensis, P. theophrasti et P. sylvestris.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;<\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><span style=\"color:#000000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\">Projet de caract&eacute;risation g&eacute;n&eacute;tique et de conservation de la palmeraie des Iles Canaries.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color:#000000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\">L&#39;Universit&eacute; de las Palmas (Gran Canaria-Spain), en collaboration avec l&#39;IRD (Montpellier-France) a engag&eacute; en 2010 une recherche portant sur la structuration g&eacute;n&eacute;tique de l&#39;esp&egrave;ce et les flux de g&egrave;nes intersp&eacute;cifiques. Elle concerne environ 40 populations r&eacute;parties sur 7 &icirc;les. Cette &eacute;tude avait aussi pour but d&rsquo;&eacute;laborer des mesures conservatoires. Les objectifs de la pr&eacute;sente &eacute;tude, men&eacute;e &agrave; l&#39;aide de microsatellites sp&eacute;cifiques, sont de&nbsp;:<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color:#000000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\">1) d&eacute;terminer la variabilit&eacute; g&eacute;n&eacute;tique de 35 &agrave; 40 populations naturelles de Phoenix canariensis (environ 850 &agrave; 1200 exemplaires), localis&eacute;es dans les sept &icirc;les de l&#39;archipel des Canaries, et estimer la diff&eacute;renciation g&eacute;n&eacute;tique et les relations entre les populations &agrave; diff&eacute;rentes &eacute;chelles : microg&eacute;ographique, intra et inter-&icirc;les.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color:#000000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\">2) d&eacute;terminer l&#39;incidence de l&#39;introgression dans les populations naturelles de Phoenix canariensis, et trouver un marqueur mol&eacute;culaire en mesure de distinguer sans ambigu&iuml;t&eacute; le palmier des Canaries des dattiers et taxons.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color:#000000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\">3) &eacute;valuer le flux g&eacute;n&eacute;tique et de la dispersion du pollen de Phoenix canariensis dans les populations naturelles &agrave; travers l&#39;analyse de paternit&eacute; et estimer son impact sur les structures g&eacute;n&eacute;tiques intra et interpopulations.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color:#000000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\">4) sugg&eacute;rer de nouvelles sources de semences catalogu&eacute;es comme mat&eacute;riau de base pour la production de mat&eacute;riel forestier de Phoenix canariensis identifi&eacute;.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color:#000000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\">5) &eacute;tablir des lignes directrices d&#39;action dans un souci de gestion des populations naturelles de palmiers, et transmettre les r&eacute;sultats et les conclusions obtenues aux institutions insulaires en charge de la conservation et de la pr&eacute;servation.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color:#000000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\">6) cr&eacute;er un syst&egrave;me d&#39;information g&eacute;ographique (SIG), qui permettra le g&eacute;or&eacute;f&eacute;rencement de chaque population et palmier, avec toutes les variables analys&eacute;es.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color:#000000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\">*Source: <strong>IRD\/ULP<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;<\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color:#008000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><strong><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\">1.4 Bibliographie en ligne<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;<\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color:#000000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>BALL E. 1941. Development of ShootApex &amp; Primary Thickening Meristem in Phoenix canariensis Chaub., with Comparisons to Washingtonia filifera Wats and Trachycarpus excelsa Wendl.<\/strong> In American Journal of Botany, Vol. 28, No. 9. (Nov., 1941), pp. 820-832. Link <a href=\"http:\/\/links.jstor.org\/sici?sici=0002-9122%28194111%2928%3A9%3C820%3ATDOTSA%3E2.0.CO%3B2-7\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Abstract. The shoot apices of Phoenix canariensis, Phoenix dactylifera, Washingtonia filifera and Trachycarpus excelsa are small in size and their structure is highly evolved. All cell walls of these apices are anisotropic. Numerous simple pit pairs occur in these youngest cell walls of the plant. They differ only in their lesser degree of development from those of mature parenchyma cells. Conspicuous thickenings, which do not persist in mature tissues, occur in these cell walls. During development of P. canariensis from embryo to maturity there is a constant increase in the volume of the shoot apex until a maximum is at-tained, before the plant begins to grow in height. I n the mature palm with a tall trunk the shoot apex has a slightly smaller volume. The average cell volume in the shoot apex increases slightly during develop- mental stages of the palm, but at maturity it is only slightly greater than it is in the embryo. There is little variation in cell volume in the shoot apex during any stage of development. The nuclei appear to be of three types in apices showing the acid fixation image ;large, lightly-stain- ing; large, densely-staining; and small, densely-staining ones. Cells with nuclei of intermediate size and staining reaction are frequent. I n apices killed in fluids that give the basic fixation image, the size variations are also evident, but all nuclei stain with equal intensity in haemotoxylin. Only after young plants of Phoenix canariensis have attained a shoot diameter of 5 cm. do their shoot apices exhibit the zonation of tissues that is charac- teristic of the terminal meristems of mature plants. The shoot apices of smaller plants have a more deli- cate aspect. Coincident with this change in zonation of tissues of the shoot apex there is a pronounced increase in its volume. The shoot apex and the primary thickening meri- stem have a certain independence of each other in the processes of growth of the shoot. The primary thickening meristem goes through a definite develop- mental history. In the embryo it is a flat zone of tis- sue beneath the leaf and sheath primordia. I n the seedling stages it is a steep cone. During succeed- ing growth stages it is again a flat zone, and finally a concave region that produces the bulk of the tissues of the stem. I n the growth of the palm to maturity, the primary thickening meristem contributes at first largely to the diameter of the shoot, and later to the height of the stem. Beneath the bowl-shaped meri- stematic zone of a mature palm long files of cells may be observed that add to stem length. The primary thickening meristem owes its origin to periclinal divi- sions that occur beneath the attachment surface of very young leaf and sheath primordia. It does not have an initial cell layer like that of true cambia, but is &quot;tiered&quot; like the young cambia of certain woody members of the Liliaceae. Provascular strands originate in two fashions in these palms. Their minor source is the tissue pro- duced by the shoot apex, and their major source is the tissut produced by the large area of the primary thickening meristem. From a phylogenetic point of view, these palms are considered to have achieved a massive plant body by the development of a specialized meristem apart from the shoot apex itself. The cycads, on the other hand, may represent the opposite extreme since they have the largest shoot apices of any seed plant and have achieved the massive plant body largely by the activity of the shoot apex.\">http:\/\/links.jstor.org\/<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;<\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color:#000000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>SOSA P.A&nbsp;., BOUZA N., CABRERA-PEREZ M.A. 1998. Genetic variation of Phoenix canariensis populations of gran canaria using isozyme electrophoresis.<\/strong> In&nbsp;: Bol. Mus. Mun.&nbsp; Funchal, Sup.&nbsp; no.&nbsp; 5:&nbsp; 443-448,&nbsp; 1998. Link&nbsp;: <a href=\"http:\/\/dspace.cm-funchal.pt\/bitstream\/100\/880\/1\/Bolmmf_s05B_1998_pp443-448.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Abstract. The paper describes the preliminary results obtained using electrophoresis techniques to characterise genetically two Phoenix species present in the Canaiy Islands. Electrophoretic techniques were used to asses the degree of genetic variation and genetic differentiation among the Canarian palm {Phoenix ccmariensis) and the date palm (Phoenix daclylifera) from Gran Canaria (Canary Islands). 24 putative alleles (from  12 loci) were interpreted  from  the  isozyme  banding  patterns.  The  genetic  variation,  measured  as polymorphism, number mean alleles per locus and heterozygosity, was higher for Phoenix ccmariensis populations.  Three loci (SOD-2, EST-2 and PGM-1) were exclusive of the canarian  palm  populations,  indicating  that  they  can  be  used  as  diagnostic  loci  to differentiate both species.\">http:\/\/dspace.cm-funchal.pt\/<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;<\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color:#000000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>GONZALEZ-PEREZ M.A., CAUJAPE-CASTELLS J., SOSA P.A. 2004. Allozyme variation and structure of the Canarian endemic palm tree Phoenix canariensis (Arecaceae).<\/strong> Implications for conservation. In Heredity (2004) 93, 307&ndash;315. Link: <a href=\"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/hdy\/journal\/\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Abstract. Electrophoretic analysis of 18 allozyme loci was used to estimate the levels and structuring of genetic variation within and among natural populations of the protected endemic palm species from the Canary Islands (Phoenix canariensis) to evaluate its genetic relationship with the widespread congener P. dactylifera, and to assess comparatively the genetic variation in the populations where the two species coexist with morphologically intermediate plants (mixed populations). Our survey revealed that the within-population component explains roughly 75% of the genetic variation levels  detected  in  P.  canariensis  (A \u00bc 1.59;  P \u00bc 41.8; He \u00bc 0.158), which rank higher than those reported for other species of the Arecaceae. A Principal Component analysis (PCA) based on allele frequencies consistently separates populations of P. canariensis and P. dactylifera, and reveals a close genetic relationship between P. canariensis and the mixed populations. Reduced levels of genetic variation in P. canariensis with respect to P. dactylifera, the fact that the genetic makeup of the Canarian endemic (with no unique alleles) is a subset of that found in P. dactylifera, and the high genetic identity between both species strongly suggest that P. canariensis is recently derived from a common ancestor closely related to P. dactylifera.\">http:\/\/www.nature.com\/hdy\/journal\/<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;<\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color:#000000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>MORICI C. 2006. La Palmera Canaria: Phoenix canariensis.<\/strong> In Rincones del Atlantico, N&deg; 3. Link <a href=\"http:\/\/www.rinconesdelatlantico.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Abstract. Las palmeras canarias tienen los sexos separados sobre individuos distintos y es f\u00e1cil distinguirlos. Las palmeras hembras producen inflorescencias m\u00e1s grandes y abiertas, con flores espaciadas que pronto se convierten en frutos. Los machos presentan inflorescencias m\u00e1s peque\u00f1as y cerradas (escobas) densamente cubiertas de flores que producen polen abundante. Existe cierto dimorfismo sexual en el porte de las plantas adultas, lo cual es rar\u00edsimo en las palmeras y en las plantas en general: los machos suelen poseer una copa m\u00e1s compacta y\u201cachatada\u201d, comprimida en el eje de la altura, y las hembras una copa m\u00e1s abierta y redondeada. La \u00e9poca de floraci\u00f3n es variable y suele desarrollarse antes de la estaci\u00f3n fr\u00eda y h\u00fameda, cuando el viento y los insectos transportan el polen hasta las hembras. Los frutos dulces y fuertemente coloreados maduran a lo largo de la estaci\u00f3n seca y c\u00e1lida y son dispersados por algunas aves que los ingieren enteros. Otros p\u00e1jaros act\u00faan de depredadores, pues comen solamente la pulpa carnosa y dejan caer la semilla al pie de la madre, donde generalmente no prosperan. Los frutos muy a menudo son atacados por unos gorgojos que abren galer\u00edas en la semilla, que muere si el embri\u00f3n es alcanzado. Las semillas, a\u00fan pudiendo germinar de inmediato, son capaces de resistir m\u00e1s de un a\u00f1o de conservaci\u00f3n en fr\u00edo (+4\u00b0 C) y varios meses en la tierra seca del medio natural, cosa poco com\u00fan en una familia caracterizada por la breve duraci\u00f3n de sus semillas. El tipo de germinaci\u00f3n permite que las pl\u00e1ntulas comiencen su vida ligeramente enterradas y protegidas de las sequ\u00edas de sus primeros veranos. La semilla produce un \u201ccord\u00f3n\u201d llamado pec\u00edolo cotiledonar que crece en la tierra hacia abajo y lleva en su punta el embri\u00f3n, que dar\u00e1 lugar a hojas y ra\u00edces. Durante aproximadamente un a\u00f1o el pec\u00edolo cotiledonar actuar\u00e1 de cord\u00f3n umbilical entre la pl\u00e1ntula y la semilla. A la germinaci\u00f3n sigue una larga fase de establecimiento en la que las plantas j\u00f3venes aumentan el tama\u00f1o de sus hojas y construyen la base del tronco. El establecimiento dura de 5 a 8 a\u00f1os y finaliza con la primera floraci\u00f3n que marca el comienzo de la edad adulta. En esta especie la madurez sexual llega muy temprano, ya que las palmeras pueden florecer con medio metro de lo que parece un tronco. Este tallo corto en realidad no es un tronco verdadero, pues todo lo que vemos son las bases de las hojas que forman el cogollo. Durante estas primeras floraciones el \u00e1pice est\u00e1 todav\u00eda a nivel del suelo y el verdadero tronco de estas j\u00f3venes adultas est\u00e1 todav\u00eda a ras de suelo y se parece a un disco, que tiene el di\u00e1metro definitivo pero mide escasos cent\u00edmetros de altura. Una vez alcanzada la madurez sexual y con ello el di\u00e1metro de base definitivo, los troncos comienzan a crecer en altura. Su velocidad es muy variable y seg\u00fan las condiciones resulta en 5-40 cm por a\u00f1o. Al igual que en la mayor\u00eda de especies de palmera, los troncos no aumentan de di\u00e1metro con el paso del tiempo. Por ello a\u00fan teniendo di\u00e1metros iguales o parecidos, las palmeras j\u00f3venes aparentan un tronco \u201csobredimensionado\u201d y las m\u00e1s altas parecen tener troncos \u201cesbeltos\u201d. En la especie canaria esta ilusi\u00f3n \u00f3ptica es acentuada porque los ejemplares j\u00f3venes tienen el tronco agigantado por los restos de las hojas que los forran y que tardan d\u00e9cadas en deshacerse. El crecimiento es continuo a lo largo del a\u00f1o pero se concentra en flujos de nuevas hojas que coinciden con una mejora clim\u00e1tica: el comienzo del calor en las zonas m\u00e1s fr\u00edas y las primeras lluvias en las zonas m\u00e1s secas.\">http:\/\/www.rinconesdelatlantico.com\/<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;<\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color:#000000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>BRANDES D. 2007. Epiphytes on Phoenix canariensis in Dalmatia (Croatia).<\/strong> Link <a href=\"http:\/\/rzbl04.biblio.etc.tu-bs.de:8080\/docportal\/servlets\/MCRFileNodeServlet\/DocPortal_derivate_00003893\/epiphytes.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Abstract. Epiphytes are a characteristic life form of perhumid tropical rain forests. In Mediterranean ecosystems epiphytic vegetation is restricted to some special habitats, just as in the temperate regions. An almost disregarded microhabitat for epiphytes exists in tourist centres in coastal regions around the Mediterranean Sea, where Phoenix canariensis is widely planted in coastal avenues. Remarkable are the epiphytes in the lower crown area of the palms, where the armpits of cut palm leafs form good growing places which have especially in winter half-year good water supply. There exist only some 3 papers on epiphytic vegetation on Phoenix canariensis (MAIRE 1942, RICHTER 1985, BRANDES 2001). In 2006 the epiphytic vegetation on Phoenix canariensis was monitored in central and southern parts of Dalmatia (e.g. Split, Omi\u0161, Ba\u0161ka Voda, Makarska, Dubrovnik). In total 42 species growing on Ph. canariensis were recorded growing on the upper part of the stems. Contrary to Italy (RICHTER 1985) no spontaneous vegetation was found in the lower parts of the trunks.\">http:\/\/rzbl04.biblio.etc.tu-bs.de:8080\/<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;<\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color:#000000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>NARANJO A, SOSA P, MARQUEZ M 2009. Palmerales de Phoenix canariensis End&eacute;micos Canarios. <\/strong>In&nbsp;: Bases ecol&oacute;gicas preliminares para la conservaci&oacute;n de los tipos de h&aacute;bitat de inter&eacute;s comunitario en Espa&ntilde;a, Direcci&oacute;n General de Medio Natural y Pol&iacute;tica Forestal (Ministerio de Medio Ambiente y Medio Rural y Marino), 52p. Link&nbsp;: <a href=\"http:\/\/www.jolube.es\/Habitat_Espana\/documentos\/9370.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Abstract 1.  PRESENTACI\u00d3N GENERAL 1.1.   C\u00f3digo y nombre 1.2.   Descripci\u00f3n 1.3.   Esquema sintaxon\u00f3mico 1.4.   Distribuci\u00f3n geogr\u00e1fica 2.  CARACTERIZACI\u00d3N ECOL\u00d3GICA 2.1.   Regiones naturales 2.2.   Factores biof\u00edsicos de control 2.3.   Subtipos 16 2.4.   Especies de los anexos II, IV y V 2.5.   Exigencias ecol\u00f3gicas 3.  EVALUACI\u00d3N DEL ESTADO DE CONSERVACI\u00d3N 3.1.   Determinaci\u00f3n y seguimiento de la superficie ocupada 3.2.   Identificaci\u00f3n y evaluaci\u00f3n de las especies t\u00edpicas 3.3.   Evaluaci\u00f3n de la estructura y funci\u00f3n 3.3.1.   Factores, variables y\/o \u00edndices 3.3.2.   Protocolo para determinar el estado de conservaci\u00f3n global de la estructura y funci\u00f3n 3.3.3.   Protocolo para establecer un sistema de vigilancia global del estado de conservaci\u00f3n de la estructura y funci\u00f3n 3.4.   Evaluaci\u00f3n de las perspectivas de futuro 3.5.   Evaluaci\u00f3n del conjunto del estado de conservaci\u00f3n\">http:\/\/www.jolube.es\/<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;<\/div>\n<div><span style=\"color:#000000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>SARO I, &lrm; GONZALEZ-PEREZ MA, SOSA PA. 2011. Estudio della dinamica y extension del flujo genetico de la Palmera Canaria (Phoenix canariensis). <\/strong>Link: <a href=\"http:\/\/www.banmac.ulpgc.es\/sites\/default\/files\/Poster%20Palmera%20copia.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Abstract. La palmera canaria Phoenix canariensis Hort. ex Chab. (Arecaceae) es una de las especies end\u00e9micas m\u00e1s importantes y representativas del archipi\u00e9lago canario, que se encuentra ampliamente distribuida de manera individual o formando palmerales en todas las islas del archipi\u00e9lago. El movimiento g\u00e9nico entre los distintos individuos, es lo que determinar\u00e1 el grado de adaptaci\u00f3n local de sus poblaciones, siendo la dispersi\u00f3n del grano de polen el componente m\u00e1s importante en el transporte a larga distancia de los genes. Asignando  la  paternidad  de  semillas  colectadas  a  partir  de  madres genotipadas y localizadas en campo, y mediante el uso de microsat\u00e9lites nucleares, evaluamos dicho \ufb02ujo gen\u00e9tico y estimamos su in\ufb02uencia en la estructuraci\u00f3n gen\u00e9tica poblacional, obteniendo los patrones de polinizaci\u00f3n, distancias y trayectorias exactas del polen.\">http:\/\/www.banmac.ulpgc.es\/<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;<\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size:12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><span style=\"color:#000000;\"><strong>NOGUE S, NASCIMENTO L, FERNANDEZ-PALACIOS JM., WHITTAKER RJ., WILLIS KJ. 2013. The ancient forests of La Gomera, Canary Islands, and their sensitivity to environmental change.<\/strong> <\/span>In: Journal of Ecology. Link: <a href=\"http:\/\/jmferpal.webs.ull.es\/JCR_Scientific_Papers_files\/JEcology2013.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Abstract. 1. Garajonay National Park in La Gomera (Canary Islands) contains one of the largest remnant areas of a forest formation once widespread throughout Europe and North Africa. Here, we aim to address the long-term dynamics (the last 9600 cal. years) of the monteverde forest (laurel forest and Morella-Erica heath) located close to the summit of the National Park (1487 m a.s.l.) and determine past environmental and human impacts. 2. We used palaeoecological (fossil pollen, microscopic and macroscopic charcoal) and multivariate ecological techniques to identify compositional change in the monteverde forest in relation to potential climatic and human in\ufb02uences, based on the analysis of a core site at 1250-m elevation. 3. The regional mid-Holocene change towards drier conditions was matched in this system by a fairly rapid shift in representation of key forest elements, with declines in Canarian palm tree (Phoenix canariensis), Canarian willow (Salix canariensis) and certain laurel forest taxa and an increase in representation of the Morella \u2013 Erica woody heath. 4. Charcoal data suggest that humans arrived on the island between about 3000 and 1800 years ago, a period of minimal vegetation change. Levels of burning over the last 800 years are among the lowest of the entire 9600 years. 5. Synthesis. A rapid climatic-induced shift of forest taxa occurred 5500 years ago, with a decrease in hygrophilous species in the pollen record. In contrast, we found no evidence of a signi\ufb01cant response to human colonization. These \ufb01ndings support the idea that Garajonay National Park is protecting a truly ancient relict, comprising a largely natural rather than cultural legacy.\">http:\/\/jmferpal.webs.ull.es\/<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;<\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color:#000000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>SARO I. 2013. Flujo gen&eacute;tico mediante la polinizaci&oacute;n. Desde d&oacute;nde vienen los genes que portan las semillas de la Palmera Canaria. <\/strong>In XX Jornadas Forestales de Gran Canaria. Link&nbsp;: <a href=\"http:\/\/www.jornadasforestalesdegrancanaria.com\/descargas\/jornadas-forestales\/XX\/Isabel%20Saro-Flujo%20genetico%20mediante%20la%20polinizacion-Palmera%20canaria.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Abstract. Para poder rastrear el movimiento de los genes trasportados por los prop\u00e1gulos reproductores, es necesario identificar los individuos y poblaciones de los cuales proceden. Para ello, se utilizan marcadores moleculares hipervariables como pueden ser los microsat\u00e9lites nucleares que consisten en secuencias cortas de ADN altamente repetidas y que disponen de una elevada tendencia a cambiar durante el proceso de replicaci\u00f3n del ADN. Ello da lugar a multitud de variaciones y, por tanto, que cada individuo pueda poseer una combinaci\u00f3n diferente en las secuencias de estas regiones del genoma. Utilizando estos marcadores moleculares podemos caracterizar a cada individuo y\/o a las poblaciones de una especie a modo de \u201cetiqueta\u201d.\">http:\/\/www.jornadasforestalesdegrancanaria.com\/<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>{tab=2.ETHNOBOTANIQUE}<\/p>\n<div><span style=\"font-size:11px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/01\/Canaries-Artisanat-vannerie.jpg\" target=\"_blank\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Canaries Artisanat vannerie\" class=\"alignleft size-medium wp-image-6877\" height=\"199\" src=\"http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/01\/Canaries-Artisanat-vannerie-300x199.jpg\" style=\"\" title=\"\" width=\"300\" srcset=\"http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/01\/Canaries-Artisanat-vannerie-300x199.jpg 300w, http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/01\/Canaries-Artisanat-vannerie-150x99.jpg 150w, http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/01\/Canaries-Artisanat-vannerie.jpg 641w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a>Ill. exemples de vannerie traditionnelle des &icirc;les Canaries (mieldepalma.com)<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div>&nbsp;<\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color:#008000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>Dans son habitat naturel, Phoenix canariensis a donn&eacute; naissance &agrave; un artisanat vari&eacute; qui va de la vannerie et du tressage &agrave; des productions vivri&egrave;res, dont le vin de palmier, et le miel de palme, d&eacute;nomm&eacute; guarapo. Les &eacute;tudes ethnobotaniques les concernant sont r&eacute;centes. Dans les palmeraies ornementales, ce palmier a aussi &eacute;t&eacute; utilis&eacute; (plus r&eacute;cemment) &agrave; divers usages allant de la floriculture &agrave; des rituels religieux.<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div>&nbsp;<\/div>\n<div><span style=\"color:#008000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>SOMMAIRE<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"color:#008000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>2.1 <\/strong><strong>L&rsquo;artisanat du palmier<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"color:#008000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>2.2 Dattes, vin et miel de palmier<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"color:#008000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>2.3 Le Palm-Sunday<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"color:#008000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>2.4 Bibliographie en ligne<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div>\n<div>&nbsp;<\/div>\n<div><span style=\"color:#008000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><strong><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\">2.1 L&rsquo;artisanat du palmier<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size:12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\">ICONOGRAPHIE<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size:12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\">ARTESANIA DE PALMA (PARTE 1)&nbsp;<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size:12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" allowfullscreen=\"\" frameborder=\"0\" height=\"315\" src=\"\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/oETKwYmd9xg\" width=\"420\"><\/iframe><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size:12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\">ARTESANIA DE PALMA (PARTE 2)<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size:12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" allowfullscreen=\"\" frameborder=\"0\" height=\"315\" src=\"\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/3_0aMmZxmS0\" width=\"560\"><\/iframe><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size:12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\">Ill.: LANZAROTE: la confection des paniers (video)&nbsp;<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size:12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\">Toutes les parties du palmier &eacute;taient utilis&eacute;es dans l&rsquo;artisanat traditionnel des &icirc;les Canaries, comme le montre cet inventaire document&eacute;.<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size:12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>Feuilles. <\/strong>Les folioles du palmier ont longtemps servi &agrave; l&rsquo;alimentation du b&eacute;tail et restent aujourd&rsquo;hui un compl&eacute;ment alimentaire. Elles sont aussi l&rsquo;&eacute;l&eacute;ment de base dans la fabrication de paniers, chapeaux, balais, pi&egrave;ces pour pr&eacute;parer le fromage ou encore emballages pour le poisson.<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size:12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>Pirgano (ou Pirguan).<\/strong> Il s&rsquo;agit du rachis, la tige sur laquelle sont ins&eacute;r&eacute;es les folioles. Les usages les plus communs sont la fabrication de paniers, la confection de cl&ocirc;tures ou tuteurs pour les vignes, la construction des maisons (sur les toitures pour soutenir les tuiles) ou son emploi comme combustible. Le &ldquo;pirguan&rdquo; a &eacute;galement connu d&rsquo;autres usages comme la confection du &ldquo;juercan&rdquo; (utilis&eacute; pour remuer le grain torr&eacute;fi&eacute; dans l&rsquo;&eacute;laboration du gofio et fait d&rsquo;un raquis munis d&rsquo;un linge &agrave; son extr&eacute;mit&eacute;), ou comme manche &agrave; balai ou encore comme canne servant &agrave; chasser les poussins des puffins (avec un hame&ccedil;on attach&eacute; &agrave; la pointe).<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size:12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>Tomisa. <\/strong>Pour la fabrication des balais, on attacher les feuilles avec de la &ldquo;tomisa&rdquo;, une corde faite de feuilles tendres tress&eacute;es.<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size:12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>Tahalague (Talahague ou Talahaque). <\/strong>Il s&rsquo;agit de la base des feuilles, le p&eacute;tiole, c&rsquo;est &agrave; dire la partie &eacute;pineuse qui reste sur le tronc une fois les feuilles coup&eacute;es. Il s&rsquo;utilise comme combustible pour torr&eacute;fier le gofio et pour cuisiner, ou dans l&rsquo;&eacute;laboration du miel de palmier. Une autre application est celle de la construction de cl&ocirc;tures &eacute;pineuses pour &eacute;viter le passage des animaux d&rsquo;un terrain &agrave; un autre. Le Talajague a eu encore d&rsquo;autres usages comme la fabrication de jouets (bateaux, animaux, etc.) ou de bouchons de barriques et de carafons.<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size:12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>Arropon (ou Jarropon). <\/strong>Il s&rsquo;agit des fibres v&eacute;g&eacute;tales en forme de fourreau des bases folaires. Il s&rsquo;utilisait pour recouvrir l&rsquo;int&eacute;rieur des pots de foug&egrave;res dans le but de garder l&rsquo;humidit&eacute;, dans l&rsquo;emballage des r&eacute;gimes de bananes pour l&rsquo;exportation, dans le fourrage des matelas, comme liti&egrave;re pour les animaux ou mati&egrave;re organique pour la production du fumier.<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size:12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>Stipe. <\/strong>Le tronc du palmier est aussi r&eacute;cup&eacute;r&eacute; pour de nombreux usages, comme la construction des ruches. Sa grande r&eacute;sistance aux intemp&eacute;ries en fait un excellent mat&eacute;riel de construction pour les toitures, comme rev&ecirc;tement de certaines maisons ou bien comme base de mur de sout&egrave;nement et encore dans la fabrication de cl&ocirc;tures.<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size:12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>Racines.<\/strong> On les &eacute;crase pour en extraire les fibres, tress&eacute;es &agrave; la main pour en faire des cordelettes, mat&eacute;riel de base dans la fabrication des semelles des espadrilles.<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size:12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>Palanqueta. <\/strong>Il s&rsquo;agit du p&eacute;doncule du palmier (inflorescence f&eacute;minine), utilis&eacute; principalement pour faire des jouets. Avec son &eacute;corce rouge&acirc;tre, coriace et mall&eacute;able, on bordait traditionnellement aussi les paniers faits de cannes.<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size:12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>Balai et Tiges. <\/strong>Il s&rsquo;agit de l&rsquo;inflorescence f&eacute;minine et des tiges qui la composent. Il s&rsquo;emploie encore actuellement pour balayer les sols ou comme torche lors des massacres traditionnels de cochons (pour &eacute;liminer les poils). Les balais du palmier m&acirc;le (beaucoup plus petits et moins r&eacute;sistants que les balais des palmiers femelles) &eacute;taient utilis&eacute;s comme torches pendant la castration des ruches. Les tiges de balai &eacute;taient aussi utilis&eacute;es pour la fabrication de petits paniers et comme instrument de punition.<\/span><\/span><br \/>\n\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size:12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\">*Source&nbsp;: <strong>Aider La Gomera, Juan Montesinos, Gerardo Mesa Noda y Eduardo Franquiz<\/strong>. Usos Tradicionales. Link&nbsp;: <a href=\"http:\/\/www.mieldepalma.com\/index.php\/usages-traditionnels\/?lang=fr\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/www.mieldepalma.com\/<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;<\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color:#008000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><strong><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\">2.2 Dattes et miel de palmier<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<div><span style=\"font-size:11px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\">Ill. Le miel de palme de La Gomera (cuadernos de etnografia&nbsp;: video)<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"font-size:12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" allowfullscreen=\"\" frameborder=\"0\" height=\"315\" src=\"\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/4ozAstD2X-o\" width=\"420\"><\/iframe><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><strong><span style=\"font-size:12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\">Le palmier est un excellent compl&eacute;ment de l&rsquo;&eacute;conomie de subsistance, &agrave; l&rsquo;origine d&rsquo;une industrie rurale li&eacute;e &agrave; ses produits vari&eacute;s, apportant &agrave; la population ilienne un bien, qui au fil du temps s&rsquo;h&eacute;rite et se loue. Depuis la vannerie traditionnelle jusqu&rsquo;&agrave; l&rsquo;utilisation fourrag&egrave;re et m&ecirc;me dans l&rsquo;alimentation humaine. Ces milles utilisations des palmiers ont permis &agrave; beaucoup d&rsquo;entre eux d&rsquo;&ecirc;tre respect&eacute;s sinon cultiv&eacute;s.<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"font-size:12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>Guarapo. <\/strong>Le sirop (ou miel) de palmier est produit de nos jours &agrave; partir de la s&egrave;ve des palmiers (dite guarapo) sur l&#39;ile de la Gomera (Archipel des Canaries). La s&egrave;ve est recueillie dans des r&eacute;cipients plac&eacute;s le long d&#39;incisions pratiqu&eacute;es au sommet du stipe, apr&egrave;s l&rsquo;&eacute;lagage de l&rsquo;ensemble des feuilles du bouquet. L&rsquo;op&eacute;ration se d&eacute;roule dans la nuit, afin d&rsquo;&eacute;viter que la s&egrave;ve soit alt&eacute;r&eacute;e par la chaleur du soleil. Elle est r&eacute;colt&eacute;e le matin. Le guarapo &eacute;tait aussi utilis&eacute; tel quel comme rafraichissant, seul ou combin&eacute; avec un alcool. Durant les p&eacute;riodes de p&eacute;nurie, il &eacute;tait par ailleurs consomm&eacute;, apr&egrave;s une l&eacute;g&egrave;re cuisson, comme aliment. Aujourd&rsquo;hui, on transforme le guarapo en miel. La d&eacute;nomination de miel de palme vient de sa consistance et de sa couleur, qui sont similaires &agrave; un miel d&rsquo;abeille semi-liquide.<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"font-size:12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>T&aacute;maras (Tambaras ou Gamames). <\/strong>Les dattes du palmier des Canaries sont plus ovo&iuml;des et beaucoup plus petites que les dattes du palmier dattier commun, avec un gros noyau et peu de chair. La graine (cuesco) est ovale-elliptique, de superficie couleur cendre et de 14 &agrave; 16 mm x 9 &agrave; 10 mm de taille. Sa section transversale est parfaitement circulaire avec une rainure plus &eacute;troite et profonde sur sa face dorsale. L&rsquo;embryon est situ&eacute; plus au moins sur la face ventral, sans marque apparente &agrave; l&rsquo;ext&eacute;rieur et avec un n=18 (nombre aplo&iuml;de de chromosomes). Sa floraison est principalement printani&egrave;re. Les tamaras ont &eacute;t&eacute; et sont utilis&eacute;s comme aliment pour les animaux, sp&eacute;cialement les cochons. Pourtant ils ont &eacute;t&eacute; consomm&eacute;s par les habitants des &icirc;les lors d&rsquo;&eacute;poques de p&eacute;nurie, aussi bien murs et crus que verts et cuits avec du sel (gamames). Il y a aussi des r&eacute;cits qui expliquent que les dattes furent utilis&eacute;es, moulues en farine dans la pr&eacute;paration de bouillie pour enfants.<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"font-size:12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\">*Source&nbsp;: <strong>Aider La Gomera, Juan Montesinos, Gerardo Mesa Noda y Eduardo Franquiz. Usos Tradicionales.<\/strong> Link&nbsp;: <a href=\"http:\/\/www.mieldepalma.com\/index.php\/usages-traditionnels\/?lang=fr\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Abstract. Le miel de palmier s\u2019obtient \u00e0 partir de la cuisson du guarapo. Le guarapo se collecte le matin et une fois filtr\u00e9, libre de toute impuret\u00e9, est pr\u00eat pour la cuisson. Il faut le mettre sur le feu le plus rapidement possible pour \u00e9viter la fermentation. L\u2019op\u00e9ration qui consiste \u00e0 faire bouillir le guarapo pour produire le miel, doit se faire au quotidien. Le feu est lent et constant pendant plusieurs heures, jusqu\u2019\u00e0 atteindre les qualit\u00e9s organoleptiques qui le caract\u00e9risent. Selon la qualit\u00e9 du guarapo et de la zone d\u2019origine, pour obtenir un litre de bon miel il faudra huit litres de guarapo, ceci \u00e9tant une donn\u00e9e indicative. En g\u00e9n\u00e9ral la proportion d\u00e9pend de la zone, s\u2019il s\u2019agit d\u2019une zone plut\u00f4t humide ou plut\u00f4t s\u00e8che. Il faut tenir compte de plusieurs facteurs lors de la production du miel. Une fois le guarapo sur le feu, quand il commence \u00e0 bouillir, il se forme un mo\u00fbt ou liquide \u00e9pais sucr\u00e9. A la surface de ce liquide se forme une mousse qu\u2019il est n\u00e9cessaire de retirer pour \u00e9viter l\u2019alt\u00e9ration du futur miel. Le mo\u00fbt disparait lors de la cuisson et l\u2019on observe la masse qui commence \u00e0 augmenter de volume et entre rapidement en \u00e9bullition. A partir du moment o\u00f9 l\u2019on arr\u00eate la coupe, un nouveau toupet commence \u00e0 se former, il sera la future couronne de feuilles du palmier. Apr\u00e8s 4 ou 5 ans, le palmier aura pouss\u00e9 d\u2019un demi-m\u00e8tre et sera pr\u00eat \u00e0 \u00eatre trait\u00e9 de nouveau pour l\u2019extraction de son nectar sucr\u00e9. Sur le tronc on peut observer un \u00e9tranglement, la marque, t\u00e9moin du traitement d\u2019extraction du guarapo du palmier. En se promenant dans les palmeraies de Tazo ou Vallehermoso, il est facile de voir un palmier avec 5 ou 6 marques sur son tronc, ce qui nous montre qu\u2019il a \u00e9t\u00e9 trait\u00e9 pour l\u2019extraction du guarapo plusieurs fois mais qu\u2019il n\u2019en est pas mort.\">http:\/\/www.mieldepalma.com\/<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div>&nbsp;<\/div>\n<div>\n<div><span style=\"color:#008000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><strong><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\">2.3 Le Palm-Sunday<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"font-size:11px;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/01\/Bordighera-Ligature-Canariensis.jpg\" target=\"_blank\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Bordighera Ligature Canariensis\" class=\"alignleft size-medium wp-image-6915\" height=\"300\" src=\"http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/01\/Bordighera-Ligature-Canariensis-216x300.jpg\" width=\"216\" srcset=\"http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/01\/Bordighera-Ligature-Canariensis-216x300.jpg 216w, http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/01\/Bordighera-Ligature-Canariensis-108x150.jpg 108w, http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/01\/Bordighera-Ligature-Canariensis-737x1024.jpg 737w, http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/01\/Bordighera-Ligature-Canariensis.jpg 779w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 216px) 100vw, 216px\" \/><\/a><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\">Ill. Ligature de palmiers des Canaries, destin&eacute;e &agrave; la production de feuilles blanches (Bordighera-Italy)<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><strong><span style=\"font-size:12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\">Le Dies Palmarum (ou Palm Sunday), ouvre la liturgie chr&eacute;tienne de la Semaine Sainte. Comm&eacute;morant l&#39;entr&eacute;e triomphale du Christ &agrave; J&eacute;rusalem, palmes blanches et rameaux tress&eacute;s sont alors b&eacute;nis par le pr&ecirc;tre et port&eacute;s en procession dans les rues. Ces traditions couvrent un vaste aire culturelle, correspondant &agrave; l&rsquo;extension du christianisme dans les r&eacute;gions de palmiculture.<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/div>\n<div><strong><span style=\"font-size:12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\">Les traditions des rameaux tress&eacute;s<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"font-size:12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\">Le tressage des palmes demeure une tradition toujours tr&egrave;s vivante, bien au-del&agrave; de son aire d&rsquo;origine. Elle donne lieu, suivant les r&eacute;gions, &agrave; une grande vari&eacute;t&eacute; de formes parfois d&rsquo;une sophistication extr&ecirc;me. Ces palmes tress&eacute;es sont pr&eacute;sentes jusqu&rsquo;en Allemagne et en Angleterre, de m&ecirc;me qu&rsquo;en Europe orientale, et grande partie du monde chr&eacute;tien non-europ&eacute;en.<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><strong><span style=\"font-size:12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\">Les vari&eacute;t&eacute;s de palmiers utilis&eacute;es<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"font-size:12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\">Originellement, le tressage des palmes faisait appel au palmier-dattier, P. dactylifera. Il a &eacute;t&eacute; rapidement remplac&eacute; par le palmier des canaries, P. canariensis, depuis l&rsquo;&eacute;poque de son introduction en M&eacute;diterran&eacute;e. Outre une plus grande productivit&eacute;, les raisons de ce remplacement rel&egrave;vent aussi de la meilleure qualit&eacute; des folioles du palmier des Canaries, en mati&egrave;re de tressage.<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"font-size:12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\">*Source&nbsp;: <strong>les usages rituels du palmier dans le monde chr&eacute;tien<\/strong>. Link : <a href=\"http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/?page_id=386\" target=\"_blank\">http&nbsp;:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div>&nbsp;<\/div>\n<div><span style=\"color:#008000;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\">2.4 Bibliographie en ligne<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/div>\n<div>&nbsp;<\/div>\n<div><span style=\"font-size:12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>RIVERA D, OBON C, VERDE A, FAJARDO J, VALDES A, ALCARAZ F, CARRE&Ntilde;O E, HEINRICH M, MARTINEZ M, RIOS S, MARTINEZ V, LAGUNA E 2014.<\/strong> <strong>La palmera datilera y la palmera canaria en la medicina tradicional de Espa&ntilde;a.<\/strong> In&nbsp;: Revista de Fitoterapia 2014&nbsp;; 14 (1)&nbsp;: 67-81. Link&nbsp;: <a href=\"http:\/\/http :\/\/www.academia.edu\/7743034\/La_palmera_datilera_y_la_palmera_canaria_en_la_fitoterapia_tradicional_de_Espana\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Abstract. In Spain the medicinal use of date palm and its products has been relatively common, reaching the highest level of diversity and importance during the Middle Ages, both in Al Andalus and the Christian territories of the northern bor- der. However, uses have become less common since then. Here the historical evolution of medicinal uses of date palm and Canary Island palm in both the Iberian Peninsula and the Canary and Balearic islands are reviewed. At present there are very few reported uses. The dates are the most commonly used product, but the sap, pollen and tender bud of palm (palmito) are also used. The dates of Phoenix dactylifera were used as analgesic, and to treat anaemia and digestive disorders, to strengthen the gums, and in the treatment of erectile dysfunction and as an aphrodisiac, to facilitate childbirth and soothing postpartum pains and treating matrix prolapse or excessive menstrual flow. Dates were also used as diuretics in dysuria and bladder disorders and are still used for the treatment of various respiratory problems. Externally they were used to treat skin problems, wounds, bleeding and haemorrhoids. Canary Palm (Phoenix canariensis) raw juice or sap, or concentrated palm juice, or fermented juice (palm wine) are consumed, especially on the island of La Gomera, as food and are also used as diuretic, as a remedy for genitourinary, digestive, for oral infections, as an expectorant, antitussive and to treat cavity and throat irritations disorders. Almost a thousand years ago in Al-Andalus Toledo, spathes of P. dactylifera were used, in the treatment of weakness, pain, nephritis, bladder diseases, liver disorders, diarrhea, digestive disorders, pain in the abdomen and stomach, excessive menstrual bleeding, skin ulcers and scabies, joint pain and heart disorders. Modern rational Phytotherapy should pay closer attention to this resource and its potential, considering the available scientific evidence (pharmacological and even clinical) and incorporate it into our modern therapeutic repertoire.\">http&nbsp;:\/\/www.academia.edu\/<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div>&nbsp;<\/div>\n<div><span style=\"font-size:12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>GARCIA-ORTUNO T., FERRANDEZ-GARCIA MT., ANDREU-RODRIGUEZ J., FERRANDEZ-GARCIA CE., FERRANDEZ-VILLENA M. 2012.<\/strong> <strong>Valorization of Pruning Residues. The Use of Phoenix canariensis to Elaborate Eco-Friendly Particleboards.<\/strong> Link&nbsp;: <a href=\"http:\/\/http :\/\/cirg.ageng2012.org\/images\/fotosg\/tabla_137_C1206.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Abstract. This study was carried out in order to investigate the performance of particleboards made from fibres of Phoenix canariensis Hort. Ex Chavaud (Canary Island date palm) pruning residue bonded with a commercial potato starch as a natural binder. The results suggest that it is completely feasible to manufacture acceptable particleboards for general uses using the leaf bases of Canary Island datepalm as an alternative lignocellulosic raw material.\">http&nbsp;:\/\/cirg.ageng2012.org\/<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div>&nbsp;<\/div>\n<div><span style=\"font-size:12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>LUIS RUBIO GUTIEREZ HERNANDEZ GONZALES-WELLER REVERT CASTILLA 2012.<\/strong> <strong>Palm tree syrup, nutritional composition of a natural edulcorant.<\/strong> In: Nutr Hosp. 2012,27(2): 548-552. Link&nbsp;: <a href=\"http:\/\/http :\/\/scielo.isciii.es\/pdf\/nh\/v27n2\/30_original_20.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Abstract Introduction : Palm syrup is a typical product from the Canary Islands, traditionally produced from the sap of the tropical palm tree Phoenix canariensis. Its high caloric content has led to its increasing use as a health food supplement for athletes, children and elderly. Furthermore, demand for this natural syrup is continuously increasing due also to its medicinal uses in homeopathic medicine. Objective : Palm Tree syrup samples prepared with palm sap from primary producers in La Gomera island (Canary Islands, Spain) were analyzed for their nutritional composition (moisture, ash, sugars, fat, vitamins and minerals). Methods : 35 syrup samples from five different producing regions in La Gomera island were analyzed. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to determine sugars and vitamins and Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (FAAS) was used to analyze the minerals. Results : Major carbohydrates were sucrose (37.8%), glucose (9.50%) and fructose (4.80%), respectively. The presence of arabinose could not be confirmed. Niacin was the water-soluble vitamin with the highest concentration with an average content of 0.003%. Fat content was found to be under 0.20%. Potassium was the mineral with highest contents (0.45%). Conclusions : Results suggest that palm tree syrup can play an important role as a sugar and mineral source in human nutrition, suggesting that future applications for this product could be developed.\">http&nbsp;:\/\/scielo.isciii.es\/<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div>&nbsp;<\/div>\n<div><span style=\"font-size:12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>NEHDI I., OMRI S., KHALIL M.I., AL-RESAYES S.I. 2010.<\/strong> <strong>Characteristics and chemical composition of date palm (Phoenix canariensis) seeds and seed oil.<\/strong> In: Industrial Crops and Products 32 (2010) 360&ndash;365. Link&nbsp;: <a href=\"http:\/\/http :\/\/ipac.kacst.edu.sa\/eDoc\/2011\/196240_1.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Abstract. Studies were conducted on properties of seeds and oil extracted from fully ripened Phoenix canariensis date seeds. The percentage composition of the P. canariensis seeds found is : ash 1.18%, oil 10.36%, protein content 5.67%, total carbohydrate 72.59% and moisture 10.20%. The major nutrients (mg\/100 g of oil) determined were : potassium (255.43), magnesium (62.78), calcium (48.56) and phosphorus (41.33). The physicochemical properties of the oil observed include : the saponi\ufb01cation number 191.28 ; the iodine number 76.66, the p-anisidine value 3.67 ; the peroxide value 3.62 meq\/kg ; the unsaponi\ufb01able matter content 1.79%, the free fatty acids content 0.59% ; the carotenoid content 5.51 mg\/100 g ; the chlorophyll content 0.10 mg\/100 g and the refractive index 1.45. The main fatty acids of oil were oleic (50.10%), linoleic (19.23%), lauric (10.24%). Palmitic (9.83%) and stearic (7.51%). The main triacylglycerols found in P. canariensis seed oil were : LaMM + LaLaP (18.9%), LaMP + MMM (15.31%) and LaOO + PLL + MPL (12.86%). The DSC melting curves revealed that : melting point = 3.71 \u25e6 C and melting enthalpy = 62.08 J\/g. The sterol marker, [1]-sitosterol, accounted for 76.06% of the total sterols content in the seed oil followed by campes- terol (8.89%) and [1] 5 avenesterol (8.79%). -Tocotrienol was the major tocol (66%) with the rest being -tocotrienol and -tocopherol.\">http&nbsp;:\/\/ipac.kacst.edu.sa\/<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>{tab=3.DIFFUSION}<\/p>\n<div><span style=\"font-family:tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 11px;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/01\/Map-Canaries-Tenerife.jpg\" target=\"_blank\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Map Canaries Tenerife\" class=\"alignleft size-medium wp-image-6878\" height=\"251\" src=\"http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/01\/Map-Canaries-Tenerife-300x251.jpg\" style=\"\" title=\"\" width=\"300\" srcset=\"http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/01\/Map-Canaries-Tenerife-300x251.jpg 300w, http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/01\/Map-Canaries-Tenerife-150x125.jpg 150w, http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/01\/Map-Canaries-Tenerife-1024x857.jpg 1024w, http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/01\/Map-Canaries-Tenerife.jpg 1482w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a>Ill. Carte physique de l&rsquo;&icirc;le de Tenerife dress&eacute;e sur les lieux par Leopold de Bruch, qui visita l&#39;archipel avec Christen Smith en 1815. Source: <a href=\"http:\/\/cologanvalois.blogspot.fr\/2011\/12\/1815-leopold-von-buch-christen-smith-la.html\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/cologanvalois.blogspot.fr\/<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div>&nbsp;<\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color:#008000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>L&rsquo;introduction de Phoenix canariensis comme arbre d&rsquo;ornement remonte au d&eacute;but du XIX&deg; si&egrave;cle. C&rsquo;est plus pr&eacute;cisemment en 1815 qu&rsquo;un botaniste norv&eacute;gien en charge du nouveau jardin botanique d&rsquo;Oslo, Christen SMITH, se rend dans l&rsquo;archipel d&rsquo;o&ugrave; il rapporte des graines qui seront sem&eacute;es&hellip; en Norv&egrave;ge&nbsp;! Cette diaspora (impossible &agrave; chiffrer) a d&eacute;sormais largement d&eacute;pass&eacute; en nombre la population originelle. Elle repose toutefois sur une base g&eacute;n&eacute;tique tr&egrave;s r&eacute;duite, comme le montre l&rsquo;histoire de sa diffusion et les &eacute;tudes g&eacute;n&eacute;tiques en cours. <\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div>&nbsp;<\/div>\n<div><span style=\"color:#008000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>SOMMAIRE<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"color:#008000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>3.1 De la Norv&egrave;ge &agrave; la C&ocirc;te d&rsquo;Azur<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"color:#008000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>3.2 De la Riviera aux USA<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"color:#008000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>3.3 Bibliographie en ligne<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;<\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/01\/Canariensis-Herbarium-Wildpret.jpg\" target=\"_blank\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Canariensis Herbarium Wildpret\" class=\"alignleft size-medium wp-image-6921\" height=\"300\" src=\"http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/01\/Canariensis-Herbarium-Wildpret-188x300.jpg\" width=\"188\" srcset=\"http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/01\/Canariensis-Herbarium-Wildpret-188x300.jpg 188w, http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/01\/Canariensis-Herbarium-Wildpret-94x150.jpg 94w, http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/01\/Canariensis-Herbarium-Wildpret.jpg 328w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 188px) 100vw, 188px\" \/><\/a><strong><span style=\"font-size:12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><span style=\"color:#008000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">3.1 De la Norv&egrave;ge &agrave; la C&ocirc;te d&rsquo;Azur<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size:12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\">La premi&egrave;re mention de l&rsquo;introduction en Europe du palmier des Canaries (Phoenix canariensis) remonte &agrave; 200 ans. Au d&eacute;but des ann&eacute;es 1860, un jardinier europ&eacute;en nomm&eacute; Hermann WILDPRET cr&eacute;e un jardin d&rsquo;acclimatation &agrave; Orotava (T&eacute;n&eacute;rife). Il exp&eacute;die alors un important lot de graines en direction des principales p&eacute;pini&egrave;res europ&eacute;ennes. C&rsquo;est toutefois sur la C&ocirc;te d&rsquo;Azur que ce palmier va &ecirc;tre acclimat&eacute;, et largement diffus&eacute; jusqu&rsquo;aux USA, comme arbre d&rsquo;ornement pour les stations touristiques naissantes.<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;<\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size:12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\">Phoenix canariensis et la C&ocirc;te d&rsquo;Azur<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size:12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\">Le premier Phoenix canariensis aurait &eacute;t&eacute; plant&eacute; sur la C&ocirc;te d&rsquo;Azur en 1864, dans le Jardin Vigier &agrave; Nice, en provenance de la p&eacute;pini&egrave;re de J. LINDEN &agrave; Ghent en France. Il est ensuite mentionn&eacute; en 1869, dans une autre p&eacute;pini&egrave;re de palmiers de r&eacute;putation internationale, cr&eacute;&eacute;e &agrave; Hy&egrave;res par Charles Goettlib HUBER en 1856. En 1871, l&rsquo;horticulteur allemand SCHENKEL fait parvenir &agrave; CHABAUD des graines de Phoenix canariensis qu&rsquo;il s&egrave;me dans son jardin de Saint Mandrier, &agrave; Toulon. 11 ans plus tard, Phoenix canariensis est d&eacute;crit par CHABAUD en tant qu&rsquo;esp&egrave;ce distincte, laquelle portera d&eacute;sormais son nom.<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size:12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\">*Source. <strong>RIVERA D., OBON C., ALCARAZ F., EGEA T., CARRE&Ntilde;O E., LAGUNA E., SANTOS A., WILDPRET W. 2013.<\/strong> A review of the nomenclature and typification of the Canary Islands endemic palm, Phoenix canariensis (Arecaceae). In&nbsp;: TAXON 62 (6) &bull; December 2013&nbsp;: 1275&ndash;1282. Link: <a href=\"http:\/\/http :\/\/wwwx.inia.es\/webcrf\/referencias\/docs\/ID418.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Abstract. For the present study the following herbaria have been searched : FI-B (Odoardo Beccari), FI-W (Webb), MA, NICE, ORT, P, TLON. Since several names were originally published in, now rare, horticultural catalogues, main horticultural and botanical libraries were consulted (Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew ; National Botanic Garden of Belgium &amp; Royal Botanical Society of Belgium ; RHS Lindley Library ; Botanischer Garten und Botanisches Museum, Berlin ; Conservatoire et Jardin botaniques, Gen\u00e8ve). In order to clarify the role of Hermann Wildpret in the genesis of the name Phoenix canariensis, the archives of correspondence of Odoardo Beccari were consulted from the Biblioteca del Dipartimento di Biologia Vegetale, Universit\u00e1 degli Studi di Firenze and the archives of the Wildpret family in Tenerife (Spain).\">http&nbsp;:\/\/wwwx.inia.es\/<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;<\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/01\/Bordighera-Winter-garden-postcard.jpg\" target=\"_blank\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Bordighera Winter garden postcard\" class=\"alignleft size-medium wp-image-6924\" height=\"207\" src=\"http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/01\/Bordighera-Winter-garden-postcard-300x207.jpg\" width=\"300\" srcset=\"http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/01\/Bordighera-Winter-garden-postcard-300x207.jpg 300w, http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/01\/Bordighera-Winter-garden-postcard-150x103.jpg 150w, http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/01\/Bordighera-Winter-garden-postcard-1024x708.jpg 1024w, http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/01\/Bordighera-Winter-garden-postcard.jpg 1560w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><strong><span style=\"font-size:12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\">Phoenix canariensis et la Riviera italienne (Jardin Winter)<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size:11px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\">Illustration&nbsp;: le jardin Winter de Bordighera au tournant du XX&deg; si&egrave;cle (gravure)<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size:12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\">Install&eacute; &agrave; Hy&egrave;res, le p&eacute;pini&eacute;riste Charles HUBER embauche un jeune jardinier Ludwig Winter. Celui-ci va ensuite travailler &agrave; la cr&eacute;ation du Jardin Hanbury de la Mortola, &agrave; la fronti&egrave;re franco-italienne. Il cr&eacute;e plus tard un jardin de palmiers et une p&eacute;pini&egrave;re &agrave; vocation commerciale europ&eacute;enne, le Palm Garten, &agrave; l&rsquo;embouchure du vallon du Sasso &agrave; Bordighera. Un r&eacute;seau s&rsquo;organise d&egrave;s lors entre les fr&egrave;res Huber &agrave; Hy&egrave;res, les fr&egrave;res Hanbury &agrave; la Mortola et Charles Naudin devenu directeur de la Villa Thuret &agrave; Antibes en 1878. D&egrave;s la fin du XIX&egrave;me si&egrave;cle, les palmiers de Bordighera vont pouvoir alimenter les plantations des grandes villes de la c&ocirc;te d&rsquo;Azur.<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size:12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\">*Source. <strong>DUCATILLION C. 2013. Peut-on se passer des palmiers sur la Cote d&rsquo;Azur (historique, importance soci&eacute;tale, symbolique et &eacute;conomique)&nbsp;?<\/strong> In: AFPP &ndash; colloque m&eacute;diterran&eacute;en sur les ravageurs des palmiers Nice &ndash; 16, 17 et 18 janvier 2013. Link: <a href=\"http:\/\/http :\/\/www.afpp.net\/apps\/accesbase\/bindocload.asp?d=7130&amp;t=0&amp;identobj=UuJsUmzi&amp;uid=57305290&amp;sid=57305290&amp;idk=1\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Abstract. If palm-trees, which are attacked by new invasive pests (appeared during the last decade), disappeared from the Franco-Italian Riviera ? This question is discussed by different views. This communication addresses a brief historical introduction about the principal exotic palms species and the evolution of their functions between the late nineteenth and early twenty-first centuries.  In  first,  collected  by  admirers,  palms  were  disseminated  thanks  to  many techniques  and  their  aesthetic,  morphological  and  agronomic  qualities.  Become  shaft alignment,  their  particular  physiognomy  take  it  an  indispensable  marker  of  landscape, transforming  profoundly  the  image  of  the  Mediterranean  coast,  while  generating  the appearance  of  trades,  economic  flows  and  social  activities.  Today  the  question  of  their survival or their possible replacement arises : is there any alternative species which are able to perform all these functions with much privilege ? From  this  model,  the  complex  question  of  acclimatization  of  exotic  plant  species  is discussed, whether the evolution of knowledge, techniques and regulations or the impact of this process on our environment and our purposes.\">http&nbsp;:\/\/www.afpp.net\/<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size:12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\">Le jardin historique de Ludwig Winter a surv&eacute;cu jusqu&rsquo;&agrave; nos jours. Il est d&eacute;sormais menac&eacute; de disparition, suite &agrave; l&rsquo;incurie des autorit&eacute;s locales en charge de sa conservation, ainsi qu&rsquo;&agrave; son infestation r&eacute;cente par le charan&ccedil;on rouge du palmier (Red Palm Weevil). L&rsquo;amateurisme actuel dans la gestion de l&rsquo;infestation, est en effet en train de faire de ce jardin un laboratoire &agrave; ciel ouvert, o&ugrave; le ravageur a commenc&eacute; &agrave; diversifier ses cibles en direction d&rsquo;autres esp&egrave;ces de palmiers.<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size:12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\">*Source. <strong>CASTELLANA R. 2014. Le jardin Winter de Bordighera menac&eacute; de disparition.<\/strong> In: Le Sauvage, Culture et &eacute;cologie 12 juillet 2014. Link: <a href=\"http:\/\/www.lesauvage.org\/2014\/07\/le-jardin-winter-de-bordighera-menace-de-disparition\/\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Abstract. Le Jardin Winter semble devoir bient\u00f4t disparaitre d\u00e9finitivement dans l\u2019indiff\u00e9rence g\u00e9n\u00e9rale. Plus grave encore, la diversit\u00e9 des palmiers encore pr\u00e9sents laisse penser que c\u2019est ici que le charan\u00e7on rouge du palmier (Rhynchophorus ferrugineus) va commencer \u00e0 diversifier ses cibles, en direction des autres esp\u00e8ces de palmiers de Bordighera, et notamment en direction de la palmeraie m\u00e9di\u00e9vale voisine de dattiers. Queques mois apr\u00e8s la r\u00e9daction de cet article pr\u00e9monitoire, le ravageur  a effectivement commenc\u00e9 \u00e0 migrer vers les palmiers Washingtonia et Chamaerops.\">http:\/\/www.lesauvage.org\/<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;<\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size:12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\">Iconographie contemporaine&nbsp;: l&rsquo;&eacute;tat d&rsquo;abandon actuel du Jardin Winter &agrave; Bordighera (2014)<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>[nggallery id=57]<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size:12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\">Iconographie historique&nbsp;: le jardin Winter de Bordighera au travers des peintures et des cartes postales.<\/span><\/span><\/strong><span style=\"font-size:12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"> Link: <a href=\"http:\/\/www.bordighera.net\/fr-ver\/buv_giardiniwinter.htm\" target=\"_blank\">http&nbsp;:\/\/www.bordighera.net<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;<\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/01\/Map-Canariensis-USA.jpg\" target=\"_blank\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Map Canariensis USA\" class=\"alignleft size-medium wp-image-6925\" height=\"191\" src=\"http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/01\/Map-Canariensis-USA-300x191.jpg\" width=\"300\" srcset=\"http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/01\/Map-Canariensis-USA-300x191.jpg 300w, http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/01\/Map-Canariensis-USA-150x95.jpg 150w, http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/01\/Map-Canariensis-USA.jpg 677w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><span style=\"color:#008000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><strong><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\">3.2 De la Riviera aux USA<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size:11px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\">Illustration&nbsp;: carte contemporaine de la distribution de Phoenix canariensis aux Etats-Unis&nbsp;: GILMAN EF., WATSON DG. 1994. Phoenix canariensis. Canary Island Date Palm. In&nbsp;: Fact Sheet ST-439. October 1994. Link: <a href=\"http:\/\/http :\/\/hort.ifas.ufl.edu\/database\/documents\/pdf\/tree_fact_sheets\/phocana.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">http&nbsp;:\/\/hort.ifas.ufl.edu\/<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;<\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size:12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\">Les r&eacute;gions m&eacute;ridionales des Etats-Unis constituent un p&ocirc;le majeur en mati&egrave;re de distribution du palmier des Canaries, en relation avec la Riviera comme mod&egrave;le paysager mais aussi comme fournisseur originel. Sur la Riviera italienne, l&rsquo;introduction de la palmiculture ornementale, &agrave; la fin du XIX&deg; si&egrave;cle, allait rapidement conduire au d&eacute;clin de la culture du palmier dattier. C&#39;est &agrave; pr&eacute;sent P. canariensis qui est en train de dispara&icirc;tre &agrave; son tour dans ces r&eacute;gions.<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;<\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size:12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\">Les p&eacute;pini&egrave;res am&eacute;ricaines<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size:12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\">La premi&egrave;re p&eacute;pini&egrave;re &agrave; offrir P. canariensis pour la vente en Californie a &eacute;t&eacute; la p&eacute;pini&egrave;re de Miller &amp; Sievers &agrave; San Francisco dans leur catalogue de 1874. En Floride, l&rsquo;introduction de P. canariensis est due au p&eacute;pini&eacute;riste Henry Nehrling (1853-1929) qui a obtenu, en 1886, des graines de la C&ocirc;te d&rsquo;Azur, et plus tard directement des &icirc;les Canaries. Au tournant du XX&deg; si&egrave;cle, la pr&eacute;sence de P. canariensis est bien document&eacute;e aux Etats-Unis, au travers des cartes postales et photographies des paysages am&eacute;ricains. En 1903, la palme est devenue tellement omnipr&eacute;sente que Ernest Braunton a pu &eacute;crire&nbsp;: &lsquo;A Los Angeles et environ, ils peuvent &ecirc;tre compt&eacute;s par dizaines de milliers&rsquo;. En Floride, la demande de P. canariensis surgit &agrave; un moment o&ugrave; la Floride &eacute;tait devenue une destination de vacances d&rsquo;hiver pour les riches industriels de l&rsquo;&eacute;poque (1878-1889). En Californie, elle fait suite au boom &eacute;conomique entrain&eacute; par la ru&eacute;e vers l&rsquo;or.<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size:12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\">*Source. <strong>ZONA S. 2008. The horticultural history of the Canary Island Date Palm (Phoenix canariensis).<\/strong> In: Garden History 36&nbsp;: 301 -308. Link: <a href=\"http:\/\/http :\/\/www.learnedgardener.com\/yahoo_site_admin\/assets\/docs\/Zona_2008_history_of_Phoenix_canariensis.92103141.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Abstract. The credit for introducing P. canariensis goes to the early California nurserymen. The \ufb01rst nursery to offer P. canariensis for sale in California was the nursery of Miller &amp; Sievers in San Francisco in their 1874 catalogue. In Florida, the \ufb01rst documented introduction of P. canariensis was made by pioneering nurseryman Henry Nehrling (1853\u20131929) who obtained seeds for his central Florida nursery in 1886. He obtained seeds from the French Riviera and, later, directly from the Canary Islands\u2026 By the turn of the twentieth century P. canariensis was well established in the nursery trade in the USA. Postcards and historical photographs documented the ubiquity of this palm in American landscapes. By 1903 the palm had become so ubiquitous that Ernest Braunton was moved to write : In Los Angeles and vicinity they may be counted by the tens of thousands. In Florida, the demand for P. canariensis arose at a time when Florida was being settled as a winter vacation destination for wealthy industrialists of America\u2019s Gilded Age (1878\u201389). The use of the palm in California coincided with the post-Gold Rush (1849) economic boom and the widespread settlement of the West.\">http&nbsp;:\/\/www.learnedgardener.com\/<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;<\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/01\/Bordighera-Charpentier-Garden.jpg\" target=\"_blank\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Bordighera Charpentier Garden\" class=\"alignleft size-medium wp-image-6926\" height=\"175\" src=\"http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/01\/Bordighera-Charpentier-Garden-300x175.jpg\" width=\"300\" srcset=\"http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/01\/Bordighera-Charpentier-Garden-300x175.jpg 300w, http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/01\/Bordighera-Charpentier-Garden-150x87.jpg 150w, http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/01\/Bordighera-Charpentier-Garden.jpg 567w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><strong><span style=\"font-size:12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\">Le Parc Magauda&nbsp;et les p&eacute;pini&egrave;res historiques italiennes<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size:11px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\">Ill. carte postale (collection priv&eacute;e)<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size:12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\">Le Parc Magauda (situ&eacute; dans le quartier de Borghetto &agrave; l&rsquo;ouest de la ville italienne de Bordighera), t&eacute;moigne de la reconversion de la palmiculture rituelle en direction de la culture de palmiers des Canaries destin&eacute;es &agrave; l&rsquo;ornement. Vraisemblablement plant&eacute; &agrave; la fin du XIX&deg; si&egrave;cle, il abritait aussi une ferme, dont les &eacute;tables ont &eacute;t&eacute; reconverties partiellement en chambres d&rsquo;h&ocirc;tes. L&rsquo;entrepreneur fran&ccedil;ais qui a fond&eacute; le parc Magauda s&rsquo;appelait Henri Charpentier. Il exportait ses palmiers canariensis jusqu&rsquo;en Am&eacute;rique. On manque toutefois de documents sur ce personnage, et sur le r&ocirc;le qu&rsquo;il a pu jouer dans le d&eacute;veloppement des p&eacute;pini&egrave;res am&eacute;ricaines. Il existe encore d&rsquo;importantes p&eacute;pini&egrave;res historiques de Phoenix canariensis dans les vallons de Bordighera. Leur histoire est &agrave; &eacute;crire. Elles sont &agrave; pr&eacute;sent menac&eacute;es de disparition, suite &agrave; leur r&eacute;cente infestation par le charan&ccedil;on rouge (Rhynchophorus ferrugineus).<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;<\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size:12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\">Iconographie contemporaine&nbsp;: le Jardin Magauda<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\">[nggallery id=58]<\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size:12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\">La voie d&rsquo;acc&egrave;s au domaine, plant&eacute;e de palmiers, est encore d&eacute;nomm&eacute;e &lsquo;Rue Canariensis&rsquo;. Ce jardin historique est en train de disparaitre, suite &agrave; son infestation par le charan&ccedil;on rouge du palmier, en l&rsquo;absence &agrave; ce jour de mesures pr&eacute;ventives ou curatives.<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;<\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size:12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\">Iconographie contemporaine&nbsp;: le Jardin Brin<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\">[nggallery id=59]<\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size:12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\">Situ&eacute; dans le hameau de Sasso, dans la partie haute du vallon, le Jardin Brin abrite environ 150 palmiers, originellement destin&eacute;s &agrave; la production de feuilles &agrave; usage ornemental. La reconversion de ce jardin a fait l&rsquo;objet d&rsquo;une intervention paysag&egrave;re extr&ecirc;mement int&eacute;ressante. Les palmiers ont &eacute;t&eacute; conserv&eacute;s, et int&eacute;gr&eacute;s dans une strate herbac&eacute;e de type pelouse, ornement&eacute;e de diverses &oelig;uvres d&rsquo;art totalement int&eacute;gr&eacute;es. Il vient d&rsquo;&ecirc;tre infest&eacute; par le charan&ccedil;on rouge du palmier.<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;<\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size:12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\">Iconographie contemporaine&nbsp;: les p&eacute;pini&egrave;res ensauvag&eacute;es de Bordighera<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\">[nggallery id=60]<\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size:12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\">Il doit s&rsquo;agir d&rsquo;au moins 2000 palmiers, dont les concentrations les plus importantes ont &eacute;t&eacute; r&eacute;cemment laiss&eacute;es &agrave; l&rsquo;abandon et se sont ensauvag&eacute;es. Il n&rsquo;existe par ailleurs aucune protection de ces sites, lesquels ne sont m&ecirc;me pas recens&eacute;s du fait qu&rsquo;il s&rsquo;agit de terrains agricoles, que leur propri&eacute;taire peut donc &agrave; tout moment &eacute;radiquer. Ces p&eacute;pini&egrave;res abandonn&eacute;es composent encore, de nos jours, un paysage exotisant unique en Europe, &agrave; l&rsquo;exception des &icirc;les grecques et de leurs palmeraies spontan&eacute;es de Phoenix theophrasti.<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;<\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/01\/Ospedaletti-Expedition-de-palmiers-1906.jpg\" target=\"_blank\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Commerce Exp\u00e9dition de palmiers \u00e0 Rome Ospedaletti 1906\" class=\"alignleft size-medium wp-image-5782\" height=\"183\" src=\"http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/01\/Ospedaletti-Expedition-de-palmiers-1906-300x183.jpg\" width=\"300\" srcset=\"http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/01\/Ospedaletti-Expedition-de-palmiers-1906-300x183.jpg 300w, http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/01\/Ospedaletti-Expedition-de-palmiers-1906-150x91.jpg 150w, http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/01\/Ospedaletti-Expedition-de-palmiers-1906.jpg 648w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><span style=\"color:#008000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><strong><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\">3.3 Bibliographie en ligne<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size:11px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\">Illustration: les premi&egrave;res p&eacute;pini&egrave;res de palmiers destin&eacute;s &agrave; l&rsquo;exportation voient le jour sur la Riviera italienne d&eacute;s le 19&deg; si&egrave;cle.<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;<\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size:12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\">Les plantes introduites au fil des si&egrave;cles font l&rsquo;objet de nos recherches en mati&egrave;re d&rsquo;ethnobotanique et d&rsquo;histoire des paysages. Il s&rsquo;agit essentiellement, entre l&rsquo;Antiquit&eacute; et la Renaissance, des palmes, des agrumes, des plantes &agrave; parfums et des cultures florales. A l&rsquo;&eacute;poque moderne, avec l&rsquo;essor de la vill&eacute;giature, une multitude d&rsquo;autres esp&egrave;ces sont introduites dans le cadre des jardins d&rsquo;agr&eacute;ment. Les recherches pr&eacute;sent&eacute;es ici traitent des usages de ces plantes et des pratiques culturales qui accompagnent leur introduction, ainsi que des dimensions &eacute;conomiques, sociales et culturelles de l&rsquo;acclimatation.<\/span><\/span><\/strong><span style=\"font-size:12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong> Plus d&rsquo;informations sur l&rsquo;histoire de l&rsquo;acclimatation sur la C&ocirc;te d&rsquo;Azur &agrave; cette adresse:<\/strong> <a href=\"http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/?page_id=4770\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;<\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size:12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>PARGUEL N. 2009. Jardins d&rsquo;acclimatation sur la Riviera.<\/strong> In: Nice historique, n&deg;1-2009. Link: <a href=\"http:\/\/http :\/\/www.snhf.org\/images\/stories\/4_Histoire_horticulture\/jardins_dacclimatation_sur_la_riviera.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Abstract. Cet article tr\u00e8s document\u00e9 fait le point sur l\u2019histoire des jardins d\u2019acclimatation de la C\u00f4te d\u2019Azur fran\u00e7aise, pour l\u2019essentiel. La premi\u00e8re impulsion quant \u00e0 l'implantation de v\u00e9g\u00e9taux exotiques sur la Riviera, provint de l\u2019imp\u00e9ratrice Jos\u00e9phine de BEAUHARNAIS qui exp\u00e9dia au d\u00e9but du 19\u00b0 si\u00e8cle nombre de plantes en provenance des serres de la Malmaison, principalement en direction de Toulon. C\u2019est dans cette r\u00e9gion que se d\u00e9veloppent, jusqu\u2019en 1821, les premiers jardins et la palmiculture. La partie de la C\u00f4te allant de Cannes \u00e0 Menton prend le relais \u00e0 partir de 1856, avec des r\u00e9alisations majeures parmi lesquelles on rel\u00e8ve notamment, en mati\u00e8re de palmiers : * Le jardin d\u2019Eug\u00e8ne MAZEL \u00e0 Golfe Juan (ca 1860), * La Villa Vigier \u00e0 Nice (1862) o\u00f9 est mentionn\u00e9e la premi\u00e8re introduction de Phoenix canariensis, * La Villa Les Tropiques toujours \u00e0 Nice (1892) avec 125 vari\u00e9t\u00e9s de palmiers.\">http&nbsp;:\/\/www.snhf.org\/<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;<\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size:12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>GADE D. 1987. Tropicalisation de la v&eacute;g&eacute;tation ornementale de la C&ocirc;te d&#39;Azur.<\/strong> In: M&eacute;diterran&eacute;e, Troisi&egrave;me s&eacute;rie, Tome 62, 4-1987. Quelques contributions &agrave; l&#39;&eacute;tude des r&eacute;gions touristiques. pp. 19-25. Link: <a href=\"http:\/\/www.persee.fr\/web\/revues\/home\/prescript\/article\/medit_0025-8296_1987_num_62_4_2487\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Extrait : Entre 1850 et 1880, la flore ornementale s'\u00e9tendait un peu partout dans la zone c\u00f4ti\u00e8re. Pour s'approvisionner en mat\u00e9riel botanique, on \u00e9tablit des p\u00e9pini\u00e8res. La collection de plantes du Comte d'Epr\u00e9mesnil \u00e0 Golfe Juan se convertissait plus tard en p\u00e9pini\u00e8re commerciale de plantes exotiques. D'autres \u00e9tablissements \u00e0 Antibes, Nice et Cannes distribuaient des plantes aux quatre coins de la r\u00e9gion ainsi que des graines de palmiers, eucalyptus et d'autres plantes en Alg\u00e9rie, Espagne, Italie, Gr\u00e8ce et aux Etats-Unis. Apr\u00e8s 1870, les p\u00e9pini\u00e9ristes hy\u00e9rois amor\u00e7aient une sp\u00e9cialisation : le palmier des Canaries. A la fin du XIX\u00e8me si\u00e8cle, une superficie de quarante hectares de jeunes palmiers de la dite esp\u00e8ce entourait la ville d'Hy\u00e8res favoris\u00e9e par la pr\u00e9sence d'alluvions, d'un \u00e9t\u00e9 pas trop sec, et de nombreux adrets. En hiver, des paillassons prot\u00e9geaient les jeunes palmiers contre le froid. En 1915, vingt-deux \u00abpalmi\u00e9ristes\u00bb exp\u00e9diaient un million deux cent cinquante mille palmiers comme arbres de jardin \u00e0 l'int\u00e9rieur de la r\u00e9gion et comme plantes d'appartements au nord des Alpes. Les deux guerres mondiales, les crises \u00e9conomiques, et les coups de froid, notamment celui de 1938, ont atteint ce commerce sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9. Les trois entreprises qui ont surv\u00e9cu \u00e0 ces p\u00e9rip\u00e9ties d\u00e9cennales reproduisent les palmiers par boutures plut\u00f4t que par la mise en terre des graines. Elles exp\u00e9dient les arbres dans des pays aussi \u00e9loign\u00e9s que le Moyen-Orient pour am\u00e9nager les espaces verts de nouvelles constructions.\">http:\/\/www.persee.fr\/<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>{tab=4.MENACES}<\/p>\n<div><span style=\"font-family:tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: 11px;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/01\/Map-Canariensis-Rhynchophorus-Diocalandra.jpg\" target=\"_blank\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Map Canariensis Rhynchophorus Diocalandra\" class=\"alignleft size-medium wp-image-6879\" height=\"212\" src=\"http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/01\/Map-Canariensis-Rhynchophorus-Diocalandra-300x212.jpg\" style=\"\" title=\"\" width=\"300\" srcset=\"http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/01\/Map-Canariensis-Rhynchophorus-Diocalandra-300x212.jpg 300w, http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/01\/Map-Canariensis-Rhynchophorus-Diocalandra-150x106.jpg 150w, http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/01\/Map-Canariensis-Rhynchophorus-Diocalandra-1024x723.jpg 1024w, http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/01\/Map-Canariensis-Rhynchophorus-Diocalandra.jpg 1191w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a>Ill. Distribution des 2 principaux ravageurs du palmier, Rhynchophorus et Diocalandra, dans les &icirc;les Canaries. Source: <a href=\"http:\/\/invasionesbiologicas.blogspot.fr\/2010\/03\/diocalandra-frumenti-el-otro-picudo-de.html\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Abstract. El jueves 11 de marzo 2010 se celebr\u00f3 en el Edificio de Humanidades de la ULPGC y organizado por el Aula de la Naturaleza del Vicerrectorado de Cultura y Deporte de la Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, una conferencia y mesa redonda sobre la situaci\u00f3n y distribuci\u00f3n de las palmeras en general, y de la palmera canaria, en particular. Concretamente, la actividad comenz\u00f3 con la impartici\u00f3n de una conferencia titulada Distribuci\u00f3n y patrones de especiaci\u00f3n y dispersi\u00f3n en las palmeras (Arecaceae), a cargo del Doctor en Biolog\u00eda y Ecolog\u00eda Tropical de la Universidad de Toulouse (Francia) y especialista en la diversidad gen\u00e9tica y la filog\u00e9nesis de las palmeras, Jean-Christophe Pintaud. A continuaci\u00f3n, tuvo lugar una mesa redonda sobre La palmera canaria y los palmerales: Conservaci\u00f3n y estado actual en Gran Canaria, que cont\u00f3 con la participaci\u00f3n del mismo Jean-Christophe Pintaud ; Pedro Sosa Henr\u00edquez, Catedr\u00e1tico de Bot\u00e1nica de la ULPGC; Pedro Luis P\u00e9rez de Paz, Catedr\u00e1tico de Bot\u00e1nica de la ULL; y Marco M\u00e1rquez Garc\u00eda, ge\u00f3grafo y t\u00e9cnico del Cabildo de Gran Canaria. Adem\u00e1s asistieron a la misma t\u00e9cnicos y especialistas de distintos organismos p\u00fablicos (Cabildos, INIA, Gesplan, etc.). Entre lo mucho e interesante que se trat\u00f3 tanto en la charla como en la posterior mesa redonda llam\u00f3 mucho la atenci\u00f3n la situaci\u00f3n actual de la plaga de Diocalandra frumenti, un escarabajo del grupo de los gorgojos que, al igual que el popularizado picudo rojo (Rhynchophorus ferrugineus), ataca a la palmera canaria y causa su muerte. Este insecto no est\u00e1 presente en los territorios vecinos a Canarias, procede directamente del Sureste asi\u00e1tico, y ha colonizado, desde que se encontr\u00f3 en 1998 en Maspalomas, Gran Canaria, tanto esta isla, como Tenerife, Fuerteventura y Lanzarote, de manera mucho m\u00e1s importante y extensa que el picudo rojo. Se calcula que en la isla de Gran Canaria ya ha matado a unas 20.000 palmeras, y se encuentra a las puertas de los palmerales naturales. Adem\u00e1s de acabar con las palmeras, este gorgojo act\u00faa como vector de otras plagas f\u00fangicas. La espectacularidad del picudo rojo y su r\u00e1pido conocimiento por parte de la sociedad canaria, ha ocasionado que se hable mucho menos de esta otra plaga de la palmera canaria, quiz\u00e1 m\u00e1s perniciosa y desconocida que la del primero.\">http:\/\/invasionesbiologicas.blogspot.fr\/<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div>&nbsp;<\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color:#008000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>Plusieurs fl&eacute;aux menacent de nos jours le palmier des Canaries, sur l&rsquo;archipel et dans l&rsquo;ensemble de la diaspora ornementale. Le premier est le charan&ccedil;on rouge (Rhynchophorus ferrugineus). Venu d&rsquo;Orient il y a une vingtaine d&rsquo;ann&eacute;es, ce ravageur est en train de conduire &agrave; l&rsquo;&eacute;radication de l&rsquo;ensemble de la palmeraie ornementale. Moins connu, Diocalandra frumenti est un autre ravageur particuli&egrave;rement pr&eacute;sent sur l&rsquo;archipel des Canaries (et tout aussi pr&eacute;occupant). Une derni&egrave;re menace provient de l&rsquo;hybridation avec d&rsquo;autres palmiers, principalement le palmier dattier suite &agrave; son introduction dans l&rsquo;archipel comme arbre d&rsquo;ornement. <\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div>&nbsp;<\/div>\n<div><span style=\"color:#008000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>SOMMAIRE<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"color:#008000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>4.1 Pathologies<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"color:#008000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>4.2 Hybridation<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div><span style=\"color:#008000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>4.3 Bibliographie en ligne<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;<\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size:12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><span style=\"color:#008000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\">4.1 Pathologies<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;<\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/01\/Map-Canariensis-Rhynchophorus-diaspora.jpg\" target=\"_blank\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Map Canariensis Rhynchophorus diaspora\" class=\"alignleft size-medium wp-image-6940\" height=\"206\" src=\"http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/01\/Map-Canariensis-Rhynchophorus-diaspora-300x206.jpg\" width=\"300\" srcset=\"http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/01\/Map-Canariensis-Rhynchophorus-diaspora-300x206.jpg 300w, http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/01\/Map-Canariensis-Rhynchophorus-diaspora-150x103.jpg 150w, http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/01\/Map-Canariensis-Rhynchophorus-diaspora.jpg 725w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><span style=\"font-size:12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>RED PALM WEEVIL<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size:12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\">Le ravageur des palmiers Rhynchophorus ferrugineus s&rsquo;est introduit en M&eacute;diterran&eacute;e par l&rsquo;Egypte, o&ugrave; il a d&eacute;cim&eacute; les plantations de palmiers dattiers. Il s&rsquo;est d&eacute;s lors diffus&eacute; dans la r&eacute;gion (et au-dela) sur le palmier des Canaries. Les progr&egrave;s de la recherche rendent d&eacute;sormais possible son &eacute;radication. Elle a d&rsquo;ailleurs &eacute;t&eacute; conduite avec succ&egrave;s dans l&rsquo;archipel des Canaries. Les principales palmeraies patrimoniales peri-m&eacute;diterran&eacute;ennes sont par contre en train de disparaitre. Cette disparition programm&eacute;e illustre, une fois de plus, l&rsquo;incapacit&eacute; des pouvoirs publics &agrave; g&eacute;rer les crises sanitaires qui se multiplient avec la mondialisation.<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size:12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\">En savoir plus sur le ravageur des palmiers, Rhyncophorus ferrugineus (Red Palm Weevil) dans les &icirc;les Canaries<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size:11px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\">Ill. (video). Gobierno de Canarias, El Picudo Rojo en Canarias<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size:12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" allowfullscreen=\"\" frameborder=\"0\" height=\"315\" src=\"\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/3VdfE9CoItY\" width=\"420\"><\/iframe><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size:12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>Direcci&oacute;n General de Agricultura y Desarrollo Rural. Picudo Rojo en Canarias.<\/strong> Link: <a href=\"http:\/\/www.picudorojocanarias.es\/index.php\/contacto-topmenu-18.html\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Abstract.  Situaci\u00f3n Actual.  Informaci\u00f3n general.  Plan de Erradicaci\u00f3n y Prevenci\u00f3n.  Plagas y enfermedades.  Legislaci\u00f3n.  Acreditaciones.  Dossier informativo.  \">http:\/\/www.picudorojocanarias.es\/<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size:12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>En savoir plus sur la lutte contre le ravageur des palmiers, <em>Rhyncophorus ferrugineus <\/em>(Red Palm Weevil) &agrave; cette adresse (bibliographie en ligne et principales techniques de lutte)&nbsp;:<\/strong> <a href=\"http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/?page_id=4735\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;<\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/01\/Canariensis-Diocalandra.jpg\" target=\"_blank\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Canariensis Diocalandra\" class=\"alignleft size-medium wp-image-6941\" height=\"225\" src=\"http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/01\/Canariensis-Diocalandra-300x225.jpg\" width=\"300\" srcset=\"http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/01\/Canariensis-Diocalandra-300x225.jpg 300w, http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/01\/Canariensis-Diocalandra-150x112.jpg 150w, http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/01\/Canariensis-Diocalandra.jpg 318w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><strong><span style=\"font-size:12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\">DIOCALANDRA FRUMENTI<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size:11px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\">Ill. Diocalandra frumenti (Fabricius 1801) Coleoptera: Curculionidae &#8211; syn: Diocalandra stigmaticollis -four-spotted coconut weevil from <a href=\"http:\/\/163.20.112.34\/~afu\/765p.htm\" target=\"_blank\">http:\/\/163.20.112.34\/<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size:12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\">Diocalandra frumenti a &eacute;t&eacute; observ&eacute; pour la premi&egrave;re fois en 1998 sur Phoenix canariensis dans le sud de Gran Canaria (Islas Canarias, Spain). Comme ce ravageur peut causer des dommages &agrave; de nombreuses esp&egrave;ces de palmiers (y compris les palmiers dattiers et de nombreuses esp&egrave;ces d&#39;ornement), il est consid&eacute;r&eacute; comme une menace pour les pays du bassin m&eacute;diterran&eacute;en. Les &oelig;ufs sont pondus dans diff&eacute;rentes parties du palmier: inflorescences, base de p&eacute;tioles ou de p&eacute;doncules, ou fissures pr&egrave;s des racines adventives &agrave; la base de la tige. Les larves se d&eacute;veloppent en creusant des galeries dans les racines, p&eacute;tioles, inflorescences et fruits. Des exsudats gommeux sont g&eacute;n&eacute;ralement visibles pr&egrave;s de l&#39;entr&eacute;e de la galerie. Les larves causent le jaunissement pr&eacute;matur&eacute; et l&#39;effondrement des feuilles de palmier, des trous dans l&rsquo;ensemble de la frondaison et une chute pr&eacute;matur&eacute;e des fruits. La nymphose a lieu dans la galerie larvaire mais ne donne pas lieu &agrave; un cocon. Les adultes sont de petite taille (6-8 mm de long), de couleur noir avec quatre grandes taches rouge&acirc;tres &agrave; brun-jaune sur les &eacute;lytres.<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size:11px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\">*Source. <strong>SMITH S. 2009. Diocalandra frumenti. Draft Data Sheet Extensive version.<\/strong> In: EUROPEAN AND MEDITERRANEAN PLANT PROTECTION ORGANIZATION. Link: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.eppo.int\/QUARANTINE\/Pest_Risk_Analysis\/PRAdocs_insects\/draft_ds\/10-15862%20Draft%20DS%20Diocalandra%20frumenti%20rev.doc\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Abstract. Diocalandra frumenti was observed for the first time in 1998 on Phoenix canariensis in the south of Gran Canaria (Islas Canarias, Spain). As this palm borer can cause damage to many palm species (including date palms and many ornamental species) it is felt that it could represent a threat to palm-growing countries around the Mediterranean Basin. Distribution *EPPO region: Spain (Islas Canarias only). Found in 1998 in the south of Gran Canaria, and then in other islands (Fuerteventura, Lanzarote and Tenerife). More data is needed on the severiy of the attacks on P. canariensis. *Africa: Madagascar, Seychelles, Somalia, Tanzania (including Zanzibar). *Asia: Bangladesh, India, Indonesia, Japan (Okinawa: Ryukyu archipelago; Moritomo, 1985), Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand. *Oceania: Australia (Northern Territory, Queensland), Guam, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Solomon Islands. *South America: Ecuador. It concerns economically important palm species such as: Cocos nucifera, Phoenix dactylifera, P. canariensis, Elaeis guineensis. In the literature a large number of other palm species are mentioned, such as: Archontophoenix alexandrea, Chrysalidocarpus lutescens, Howea belmoreana, Mascarena verchaffeltii, Phoenix loureirii, Phoenix roebelenii, Roystonea regia. Larvae of D. frumenti bore galleries in roots, petioles, inflorescences and fruits of palms. Gummy exudates are usually seen near the gallery entrance. Larvae cause premature yellowing and collapse of palm fronds, emergence holes in new and old fronds, premature shedding of fruits. Death of mature P. canariensis is reported from Australia. Eggs are laid in various sites: inflorescences, base of petioles or peduncles, in cracks near adventitious roots at the base of the stem. Larvae develop within the palm tree. Pupation takes place within the larval gallery but no cocoon is made. Adults are small (6-8 mm long), shiny black weevils with four large reddish to brownish-yellow spots on the elytra.\">https:\/\/www.eppo.int\/<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;<\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size:12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>BIBLIOGRAPHIE INDICATIVE<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size:12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>GONZ&Aacute;LEZ-N&Uacute;&Ntilde;EZ M., JIM&Eacute;NEZ-&Aacute;LVAREZ A., SALOMONE F., CARNERO A., DELESTAL P., ESTEBANDUR&Aacute; J.R. 2002. Diocalandra frumenti (Fabricius) (Coleoptera Curculionidae), nueva plaga de palmeras introducida en Gran Canaria.<\/strong> Primeros estudios de su biolog&iacute;a y cr&iacute;a en laboratorio. In: Bol. San. Veg. Plagas, 28:347-355, 2002. Link: <a href=\"http:\/\/www.magrama.gob.es\/ministerio\/pags\/biblioteca\/revistas\/pdf_plagas%2FBSVP-28-03-347-355.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Abstract. Diocalandra frumenti, curculi\u00f3nido plaga de palmeras en diversas \u00e1reas litorales de los oc\u00e9anos Pac\u00edfico e \u00edndico, ha sido recientemente introducido en la Isla de Gran Ca- naria, constituyendo un claro peligro para la palmera Canaria y otras palm\u00e1ceas. En este trabajo se presentan los resultados obtenidos con distintos m\u00e9todos de cr\u00eda en laborato- rio ensayados. Utilizando fragmentos de ca\u00f1a de az\u00facar, sobre la que se colocaban 10 parejas de adultos durante una semana, se obtuvo una media de 4,2 adultos por ca\u00f1a, con una duraci\u00f3n del desarrollo de 7,8 d\u00edas para los huevos, de 76,2 d\u00edas para la larva y de 10,2 d\u00edas para la pupa. Mediante la utilizaci\u00f3n de 4 diferentes dietas artificiales se obtuvieron porcentajes de supervivencia de 0%, 15,6%, 11,1% y 37,8% y una duraci\u00f3n del periodo larvario de 73,2, 69,2 y 60,9 d\u00edas.\">http:\/\/www.magrama.gob.es\/<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size:12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>GESPLAN. S.A.U. 2008. Diocalandra frumenti (Fabricius 1801). Picudo de las palmera. Lesser coconut weevil.<\/strong> Link: <a href=\"http:\/\/www.interreg-bionatura.com\/especies\/pdf\/Diocalandra%20frumenti.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Abstract. DESCRIPCI\u00d3N. DISTRIBUCI\u00d3N. H\u00c1BITAT. BIOLOG\u00cdA Y ECOLOG\u00cdA. FECHA O PERIODO INTRODUCCI\u00d3N. PRINCIPAL V\u00cdA DE DISPERSI\u00d3N O PROPAGACI\u00d3N ACTUAL. IMPACTO.\">http:\/\/www.interreg-bionatura.com\/<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;<\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/01\/Phoenix-hybridation.jpg\" target=\"_blank\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Phoenix hybridation\" class=\"alignleft size-medium wp-image-6942\" height=\"211\" src=\"http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/01\/Phoenix-hybridation-300x211.jpg\" width=\"300\" srcset=\"http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/01\/Phoenix-hybridation-300x211.jpg 300w, http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/01\/Phoenix-hybridation-150x105.jpg 150w, http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/01\/Phoenix-hybridation.jpg 621w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><span style=\"font-size:12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><span style=\"color:#008000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><strong>4.2 Hybridation<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size:12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\">La capacit&eacute; d&#39;hybridation intersp&eacute;cifique propre au genre Phoenix, se manifeste tout particuli&egrave;rement dans les cultures ornementales, o&ugrave; plusieurs esp&egrave;ces sont mises en pr&eacute;sence et ensuite multipli&eacute;es sur place. Au bout de quelques g&eacute;n&eacute;rations, une diversit&eacute; nouvelle finit par s&rsquo;organiser, d&rsquo;o&ugrave; &eacute;mergent des ph&eacute;notypes hybrides propres &agrave; chaque lieu de culture. Outre l&rsquo;int&eacute;r&ecirc;t historique, paysager et horticole, ce ph&eacute;nom&egrave;ne d&rsquo;hybridation libre est tr&egrave;s int&eacute;ressant pour comprendre la dynamique de la diversit&eacute; dans un complexe d&rsquo;esp&egrave;ces, et en particulier pour mesurer l&rsquo;influence des facteurs g&eacute;n&eacute;tiques sur les traits ph&eacute;notypiques. Diverses &eacute;tudes consacr&eacute;es aux palmiers ont &eacute;t&eacute; men&eacute;es depuis plusieurs ann&eacute;es sur le site de Bordighera\/ San Remo (Italie). Cette r&eacute;gion est en effet un site d&#39;acclimatation historique, marqu&eacute; en particulier par les premi&egrave;res introductions in situ de Phoenix dactylifera (Moyen-Orient), P. canariensis (Iles Canaries), P. sylvestris (Inde) et P. reclinata (Afrique). Cette publication r&eacute;cente vient de faire le point sur les m&eacute;thodes exp&eacute;riment&eacute;es, les donn&eacute;es recueillies &agrave; ce jour et les perspectives de recherches futures.<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size:11px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\">*Source. <strong>BOURGUET S. 2013. Dynamique de l&rsquo;hybridation dans le genre Phoenix sur la Riviera italienne: caract&eacute;risation g&eacute;n&eacute;tique et ph&eacute;notypique<\/strong>. Universit&eacute; de Montpellier, juin 2013, Master Biologie des Plantes et des Micro-organismes, Biotechnologies, Bioproc&eacute;d&eacute;s. Link: <a href=\"http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/01\/BOURGUET-S.-2013-Dynamique-de-l%E2%80%99hybridation-dans-le-genre-Phoenix-sur-la-Riviera-italienne.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Abstract. Afin d'am\u00e9liorer nos connaissances sur la dyn amique d\u2019hybridation dans le genre Phoenix sur la Riviera italienne, nous avons entrepris une \u00e9tude bas\u00e9e sur deux niveaux d\u2019approche compl\u00e9mentaire. (1) Niveau g\u00e9notypique, approche bas\u00e9e sur le g\u00e9notypage de 3 minisatellites chloroplastiques et de 18 loc i microsatellites nucl\u00e9aires, chez les hybrides P. reclinata x canariensis, P. dactylifera x theophrasti, P. sylvestris x canariensis et P. dactylifera x canariensis , ainsi que chez les esp\u00e8ces pures impliqu\u00e9es. (2) Niveau ph\u00e9notypique, avec une approche de morphom\u00e9trie appliqu\u00e9e aux graines ( mesure des dimensions et analyse de la forme du contour ) et une \u00e9tude fond\u00e9e sur la spectrophotom\u00e9trie proche infra - rouge (SPIR), appliqu\u00e9es sur les feuilles, afin de distinguer les esp\u00e8ces et hybrides de Phoenix. Un d\u00e9but d\u2019approche sur la ph\u00e9nologie de la floraison des hybrides et des esp\u00e8ces pures impliqu\u00e9es a \u00e9galement \u00e9t\u00e9 men\u00e9. La caract\u00e9risation g\u00e9n\u00e9tique et ph\u00e9notypique de la dynamique d\u2019hybridation dans le genre Phoenix , sur la Riviera Italienne, se fonde sur l\u2019analyse statistique des relations entre g\u00e9notypes et ph\u00e9notypes. Cette approche doit contribuer \u00e0 valider des m\u00e9thodes d\u2019identification ph\u00e9notypique (morphom\u00e9trie g\u00e9om\u00e9trique et SPIR ) et permettra de caract\u00e9riser les patrons de variation des caract\u00e8res induits par l\u2019hybridation et en particulier de quantifier les distances aux ph\u00e9notypes parentaux sur certains caract\u00e8res.\">http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size:12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\">Les difff&eacute;rentes esp&egrave;ces de Phoenix &agrave; Tenerife (&icirc;les Canaries)<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size:12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\">Tenerife est la plus grande des &icirc;les de l&rsquo;Archipel. On y trouve des centaines de P dactylifera. La plupart d&#39;entre eux ont &eacute;t&eacute; import&eacute;s comme sp&eacute;cimens adultes il y a environ 15-20 ans, dans les nouvelles zones touristiques, pour l&rsquo;essentiel en provenance d&#39;Elche, dans l&#39;Espagne du Sud-Est. De petites populations de dattiers sont n&eacute;anmoins pr&eacute;sentes dans les &icirc;les depuis le temps imm&eacute;morial, peut-&ecirc;tre m&ecirc;me la pr&eacute;histoire. Quelques vieux sp&eacute;cimens de Phoenix rupicola sont aussi pr&eacute;sents dans l&#39;&icirc;le. Des P. roebelenii sont apparus comme arbres d&rsquo;ornement au cours des derni&egrave;res d&eacute;cennies. P. reclinata est presque inconnu, sauf dans le Jardin Botanique d&#39;Orotava, avec d&#39;autres esp&egrave;ces moins communes, comme P. theophrasti. Une autre esp&egrave;ce de Phoenix peut avoir exist&eacute; au sud de l&rsquo;&icirc;le: P. atlantica, un taxon de statut tr&egrave;s douteux, dont le nom commun est Palma Berberisca. De nos jours ces sp&eacute;cimens, s&#39;ils existent dans les &Icirc;les Canaries, sont trop crois&eacute;s avec P. dactylifera pour &ecirc;tre facilement identifi&eacute;s et &eacute;tudi&eacute;s.<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size:12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\">Le probl&egrave;me de l&rsquo;hybridation<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size:12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\">Les diff&eacute;rentes esp&egrave;ces du genre Phoenix peuvent tr&egrave;s facilement s&rsquo;hybrider. Dans une esp&egrave;ce comme P. dactylifera, le pollen est dispers&eacute; par le vent sur plusieurs kilom&egrave;tres. La profusion de ces esp&egrave;ces dans les &icirc;les, pose un probl&egrave;me de contamination g&eacute;n&eacute;tique pour le palmier autochtone, P. canariensis. De nos jours, le nombre de palmiers sauvages augmente dans les Canaries, o&ugrave; ils ont commenc&eacute; &agrave; recoloniser des terrains abandonn&eacute;s. En quelques endroits, comme dans la vall&eacute;e de San Andres, on est en train de voir apparaitre les premi&egrave;res populations hybrides sauvages. Il est difficile de d&eacute;finir les parents de ces hybrides, du fait qu&rsquo;ils sont probablement de seconde g&eacute;n&eacute;ration, mais tous doivent provenir d&#39;un m&eacute;lange de P. canariensis, P. dactylifera et P. rupicola. Heureusement, les palmiers autochtones exc&egrave;dent largement le nombre de palmiers allog&egrave;nes. Si des efforts de conservation existent, la pr&eacute;sence de p&eacute;pini&egrave;res qui importent des palmiers demeure probl&eacute;matique.<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size:11px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\">*Source. <strong>MORICI Carlo 2006, La Palmera Canaria: Phoenix canariensis<\/strong>, in Rincones del Atlantico, N&deg; 3. Link: <a href=\"http:\/\/www.rinconesdelatlantico.com\/num3\/16_phoenix.html\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Abstract Phoenix dactylifera On the largest island, Tenerife, there are hundreds of P dactylifera. Most of them are grown in the lowlands of the southwestern part of the island, an area that has probably never been home to P canariensis because of its dryness. Indeed, the true date palm apparently grows there better than the native Phoenix. Most of the ooaliens&quot; actually existing have been imported as adult specimens some 15-20 years ago mostly from Elche, the &quot;date city&quot; of southeastern Spain, to line roads, of the then new tourist areas. Nevertheless, small populations of date palms have been preserit on the islands since time immemorial, maybe prehistory (Schmid in Kunkel 1976), and became locally naturalized in some small areas of Tenerife, Gran Canaria, Fuerteventura, and Lanzarote. Date palms were so integrated in the Canaries that the well-known Enciclopedia Espasa reported the existence of only 30 &quot;not- well-identified&quot; date palm varieties in the Elche area and, in the Canaries, 15 varieties of the o'Berberfa&quot; type (Anonymous 1970). Phoenix rupicola A few old specimens of Phoenix rupicola grow on the island. Two plants are found in the small square of Icod de Los Vinos (Northern Coast), where they usually pass unnoticed because of the notable presence of the very famous crested Liuistona chinensis ssp. chinensls with eight heads, and the ancient dragon tree, a Dracena draco, rhotght to be around 2000 years old. More P. rupicola can be seen in old gardens of Santa Cruz and other historical settlements. P. roebelenii, reclinata et theophrasti. Many P roebelenii have appeared as ornamentals in the last few decades but, luckily, P. reclinata is almost unknown, except in the Botanical Garden of La Orotava, where other less common species, such as P. theophrastl, are grown. Last year, a few other exotic Phoenlr spp. have been unwillingly imported for the new Palmetum of Santa Cruz. The Doubtful Phoenix atlantica In the southern portions ofthe islands another Phoenix species may have existed rather than P canariensis: P. atlantica A.Chev., a taxon of very doubtful status, whose common name is Palma Berberisca. The peculiarities of the &quot;atlantic&quot; species, closely related to P. dactylifera, are the shorter, stiffer leaves and a curious habit of producing new shoots directly from the crown of leaves instead of from the base of the trunk, therefore resulting in irregularly branched palm trees (Kunkel and Kunkel I974). Phoenix atlantica was reported from all the Macaronesian archipelagos, Canarias, Cabo Verde, and Madeira, but nowadays specimens in Canary Islands, if they exist, are too much mixed with common dactyliferas to be easily identified and studied. Moreover, most branched palm trees have been collected and planted in streets, parks. and road inlerseclions. The Problem of Hybridization Phoenix spp. are well known for their tendency to cross very easily. Large species, such as P dactylifera, are very well &quot;built&quot; for wind pollination; their pollen is said to be able to travel for many kilometers and with all this profusion of exotic Phoenix spp. on the islands, the genetic contamination of native Phoenix with pollen of imported species is a problem. Some studies on the structure of hybrid populations have been undertaken at the University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (Santana-Santana et al., in press) and a ban has been enforced to prevent importations of exotic Phoenix spp. Crosses between the palrnera canaria and the palmera datilera are very hard to detect at their young stage, because canariensis-green leaves are usually dominant over the dactylifera blue ones. Hybrid plants reveal their origin just at the adult stage when they start to produce a trunk thinner than normal, leaves appear more rigid, and fruits turn out to be red and fleshy. A fully variable collection of hybrids is grown at the Casino Taoro Gardens in Puerto de La Cruz, Tenerife. It is difficult to tell the parents by looking at a single plant as many of them are probably second-generation hybrids, but all the plants grown may come from a mix of P canariensis, P. dactylifera, and P. rupicola. Smaller Phoenix species, such as P. roebelenii, represent a lesser danger as pollen producers. Their pollen is not able to cruise long distances because of their low height and inflorescence structure, which seems to be zoophilous rather than anemophilous. Nowadays the number of wild palms in the Canaries is evidently growing. In the last 20 years, since many of the fields had been abandoned, palms started to recolonize naturally some of the valley bottoms from which they had been eradicated centuries before. In most cases, all the new palms, all of similar age, originated from a few tall mother plants, which are still in place. In some places, as observed in the valley of San Andr6s, where some of the mother plants were P dactylifera, many of the new palms are hybrids, so we are in the dangerous situation of encountering the first wild hybrid populations. Fortunately, the native palms abundantly exceed the aliens by number. Minor efforts are being made to conserve the species: many streets are being lined with pure &quot;canariensis.&quot; Los Canarios, the inhabitants, are very cooperative people from an ecological point of view and are starting to realize how big the problem is. Sadly some nurserymen are illegally importing exotic Phoenix spp. among other palms from places as far away as Cuba, and some others are planting thousands oflocally produced seeds of P. rupicola. &quot;Es para Ia peninsulal&quot; (Mainland Spain), they say, but I am sure that a few plants will not leave the island as the temptation to keep one (Just one, come on!) is too big. Luckily in the island of La Gomera, la palmera canaria is almost safe.\">http:\/\/www.rinconesdelatlantico.com\/<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;<\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color:#008000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;\"><strong><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\">4.3 Bibliographie en ligne<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;<\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size:12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>BALLARDINI M., MERCURI A., LITTARDI C., ABBAS S., COUDERC M., LUDE&Ntilde;A B., PINTAUD J.-C. 2013. The chloroplast DNA locus psbZ-trnfM as a potential barcode marker in Phoenix L. (Arecaceae).<\/strong> Link: <a href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC3890672\/pdf\/ZooKeys-365-071.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Abstract. The genus Phoenix (Arecaceae) comprises 14 species distributed from Cape Verde Islands to SE Asia. It includes the economically important species Phoenix dactylifera. The paucity of differential morphological and anatomical useful characters, and interspecific hybridization, make identification of Phoenix species difficult. In this context, the development of reliable DNA markers for species and hybrid identification would be of great utility. Previous studies identified a 12 bp polymorphic chloroplast minisatellite in the trnG (GCC)-trnfM (CAU) spacer, and showed its potential for species identification in Phoenix. In this work, in order to develop an efficient DNA barcode marker for Phoenix, a longer cpDNA region (700 bp) comprising the mentioned minisatellite, and located between the psbZ and trnfM (CAU) genes, was sequenced. One hundred and thirty-six individuals, representing all Phoenix species except P. andamanensis,were analysed. The minisatellite showed 2-7 repetitions of the 12 bp motif, with 1-3 out of seven haplotypes per species. Phoenix reclinata and P. canariensis had species-specific haplotypes. Additional polymorphisms were found in the flanking regions of the minisatellite, including substitutions, indels and homopolymers. All this information allowed us to identify unambiguously eight out of the 13 species, and overall 80% of the individuals sampled. Phoenix rupicola and P. theophrasti had the same haplotype, and so had P. atlantica, P. dactylifera, and P. sylvestris (the \u201cdate palm complex\u201d sensu Pintaud et al. 2013). For these species, additional molecular markers will be required for their unambiguous identification. The psbZ-trnfM (CAU) region therefore could be considered as a good basis for the establishment of a DNA barcoding system in Phoenix, and is potentially useful for the identification of the female parent in Phoenix hybrids.\">http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;<\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size:12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>GONZALEZ-PEREZ, M.A., SOSA, P.A., 2009, Hybridization and Introgression between the endemic Phoenix canariensis and the introcuded P. dactylifera in the Canary Islands<\/strong>, in The Open Forest Science Journal, 2009, 2, 78-85. Link: <a href=\"http:\/\/www.benthamscience.com\/open\/tofscij\/articles\/V002\/SI0059TOFSCIJ\/78TOFSCIJ.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Abstract. The proportion of hybridization and introgression between the endemic Phoenix canariensis (Canarian date palm) and the introduced P. dactylifera (date palm), were characterized using a multilocus isozyme genotype, based on 17 isozyme loci. In order to evaluate the multilocus isozyme genotype\u2019s ability to detect hybridization and introgression between the endemic Phoenix canariensis and the introduced P. dactylifera, multilocus genotype data from pure and putative hybrid populations were analyzed with a Bayesian-based method, implemented in the STRUCTURE software. The identity of all Phoenix canariensis plants was confirmed. However, in the putative P. dactylifera individuals examined, some of them were designated as hybrid, and others as Canarian date palms. Individuals from each species were clustered separately, while putative hybrid individuals shared ancestors from clusters where both Phoenix species were assigned. In agreement with this, FCA showed that the hybrids were localized between P. canariensis and P. dactylifera individuals\u2019 clouds, but with a closer proximity to the former, suggesting an introgression from Phoenix dactylifera to P. canariensis. In addition, the Bayesian cluster revealed a geographical structure within P. canariensis relative to island origin, so populations from the western islands of the archipelago were clustered together and separately from eastern islands.\">http:\/\/www.benthamscience.com\/<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;<\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size:12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>GONZALEZ-PEREZ, CAUJAPE-CASTELLS, SOSA 2004. Allozyme variation and structure of the Canarian endemic palm tree Phoenix canariensis (Arecaceae): implications for conservation.<\/strong> In: Heredity (2004) 93, 307&ndash;315. Link: <a href=\"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/hdy\/journal\/v93\/n3\/full\/6800507a.html\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Abstract. Electrophoretic analysis of 18 allozyme loci was used to estimate the levels and structuring of genetic variation within and among natural populations of the protected endemic palm species from the Canary Islands (Phoenix canariensis) to evaluate its genetic relationship with the widespread congener P. dactylifera, and to assess comparatively the genetic variation in the populations where the two species coexist with morphologically intermediate plants (mixed populations). Our survey revealed that the within-population component explains roughly 75% of the genetic variation levels detected in P. canariensis (A \u00bc 1.59; P \u00bc 41.8; He \u00bc 0.158), which rank higher than those reported for other species of the Arecaceae. A Principal Component analysis (PCA) based on allele frequencies consistently separates populations of P. canariensis and P. dactylifera, and reveals a close genetic relationship between P. canariensis and the mixed populations. Reduced levels of genetic variation in P. canariensis with respect to P. dactylifera, the fact that the genetic makeup of the Canarian endemic (with no unique alleles) is a subset of that found in P. dactylifera, and the high genetic identity between both species strongly suggest that P. canariensis is recently derived from a common ancestor closely related to P. dactylifera.\">http:\/\/www.nature.com\/<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;<\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size:12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>GONZALEZ-PEREZ, CAUJAPE-CASTELLS, SOSA 2004. Molecular evidence of hybridisation between the endemic Phoenix canariensis and the widespread P. dactylifera with Random Ampli\ufb01ed Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers.<\/strong> Link: <a href=\"http:\/\/download.springer.com\/static\/pdf\/809\/art%253A10.1007%252Fs00606-004-0166-7.pdf?auth66=1352462437_08488222e066b6e5c0049a2a45ae960b&amp;ext=.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Abstract. We used RAPD markers to test whether morphologically intermediate individuals between the Canarian endemic Phoenix canariensis and the widespread P. dactylifera correspond to hybrids. Consistent with previous allozyme evidence, the scarcity of appropriate RAPD markers to distin- guish P. dactylifera and P. canariensis indicated a close genetic relationship among these species. Only two of the 54 ten-mer primers (OPM-8 and OPK- 14) tested in 221 individuals from 7 localities in di\ufb00erent islands enabled us to unambiguously identify both species. While P. canariensis possesses two exclusive monomorphic bands of 1000 bp and 750 bp (for OPM-8 and OPM-14, respectively), P. dactylifera is characterised by two bands of 900 bp and 950 bp for the same primers. The additivity of these taxon-speci\ufb01c bands in the individuals that were morphologically intermediate provided, for the \ufb01rst time, \ufb01rm evidence for their hybrid origin. Because these hybridisation capabilities pose clear threats to the survival of the endemic P. canariensis and some individuals that had been morphologi- cally characterised as pure P. canariensis revealed later a hybrid nature in the RAPD analysis, we suggest that RAPD markers be used to estimate the possible incidence of introgression in the scarce extant natural populations of P. canariensis. This procedure will provide a straightforward means to select target populations to implement the \u2018\u2018in situ\u2019\u2019 conservation strategies suggested previously on the basis of allozyme research.\">http:\/\/download.springer.com\/<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;<\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size:12px;\"><span style=\"font-family: tahoma,geneva,sans-serif;\"><strong>SAUVAIGO E. 1894. Les Phoenix cultiv&eacute;s dans les jardins de Nice.<\/strong> In Revue Horticole 66 : 493-499. Link: <a href=\"http:\/\/publikationen.ub.uni-frankfurt.de\/\" target=\"_blank\" title=\"Extrait. C\u2019est par le secours du pollen du Palmier des Canaries qu\u2019un grand nombre d\u2019hybrides fertiles du Dattier du Sahara ont pris naissance et produisent aujourd\u2019hui dans quelques jardins d\u2019Hy\u00e8res, du golfe Juan, d\u2019Antibes, des dattes mures et mangeables, Cependant, ces dattes laissent toujours dans la bouche une saveur d\u2019\u00e2pret\u00e9 ; leur pulpe a le d\u00e9faut d\u2019\u00e9tre trop mince. Il est vraisemblable que les r\u00e9gimes du Phoenix melanocarpa dont nous parlons, ont \u00e9t\u00e9 f\u00e9cond\u00e9s par le pollen du Ph\u0153nix ca nariensis, qui se trouve dans le voisinage de ce palmier, et que, selon toutes probabilit\u00e9s, c\u2019est \u00e0 l\u2019intervention des abeilles que ce palmier femelle doit d\u2019avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 f\u00e9cond\u00e9. On sait que les m\u00e2les du palmier du Sahara sont assez rares et ne se rencontrent qu\u2019\u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9tat d\u2019isolement dans les jardins du littoral. L\u2019id\u00e9e \u00e9mise, il y a quelques ann\u00e9es, par les botanistes de la r\u00e9gion, \u00e0 l\u2019apparition des premi\u00e8res fleurs du Palmier des Canaries, se trouve donc r\u00e9alis\u00e9e. Il ne sera pas impossible, disaient-ils, de r\u00e9colter bient\u00f4t des dattes mangeables sur le littoral de la Provence, \u00e0 condition que l\u2019on choisisse, d\u2019abord, les vari\u00e9t\u00e9s pr\u00e9coces du Dattier commun, et que ces vari\u00e9t\u00e9s soient f\u00e9cond\u00e9es par le pollen de leur esp\u00e8ce ou par celui du palmier des Canaries.\">http:\/\/publikationen.ub.uni-frankfurt.de\/<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>{\/tabs}<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>&nbsp; CASTELLANA R. 2014. Le palmier des &icirc;les Canaries&nbsp;(Phoenix canariensis). Histoire contemporaine d&rsquo;une diaspora embl&eacute;matique. CRP Ed (Revue en ligne) &nbsp; Lire en version pdf:&#8230;<\/p>\n<div class=\"more-link-wrapper\"><a class=\"more-link\" href=\"http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/?p=6953\">Continue reading<span class=\"screen-reader-text\">PHOENIX CANARIENSIS<\/span><\/a><\/div>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-6953","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-non-classe","entry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6953","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=6953"}],"version-history":[{"count":11,"href":"http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6953\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":9689,"href":"http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6953\/revisions\/9689"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=6953"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=6953"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.listephoenix.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=6953"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}